The HORIZON, in geography and astronomy, is a great circle of the sphere, dividing the world into two parts or hemispheres; the one upper and visible, the other lower and hid. The word literally signifies bounding the sight; being formed of 'opiw, I bound. See ASTRONOMY and GEOGRAPHY.

HORIZON, RATIONAL, TRUE, or ASTRONOMICAL, also called simply and absolutely the horizon, is a great circle, whose plane passes through the centre of the earth, and whose poles are the zenith and nadir.

HORIZON, SENSIBLE, VISIBLE, OF APPARENT, is a less circle of the sphere, which divides the visible part of the sphere from the invisible. Its poles, too, are the zenith and nadir: and consequently the sensible horizon is parallel to the rational; and it is cut at right angles, and into two equal parts, by the verticals. The sensible horizon is divided into eastern and western.

A HORIZONTAL DIAL is that drawn on a parallel to the horizon: having its gnomon or style elevated according to the altitude of the pole of the place it is designed for. Horizontal dials are, of all others, the most simple and easy.

HORIZONTAL LINE, in perspective, is a right line drawn through the principal point, parallel to the horizon or it is the intersection of the horizontal and perspective planes. See PERSPEC

whatever happens to be there will stick to it, and so be brought out. HORN, n. s. HORN'-BEAK, N. S. HORN FISH, n. s. HORN'-BEAM, n. s. grow on the heads of HORN'BOOK, n. s. some graminivorous quaHORN'ED, adj. drupeds, and serve them HORN'ER, n. s. for weapons. An instruHOR'NET, n. s. ment of wind music: the HORN'-гOOT, n. s. extremity of the moon, HORN'-OWL, n. s. when waxing or waning; HORN'-PIPE, n. s. the feelers of a snail: HORN'-STONE, n. s. this gives rise to the HORN'-WORK, n. s. proverb, to 'pull in your HORN'Y, adj. horns;' to repress one's ardor: a drinking-cup: antler of a cuckold: figuratively horn-mad, mad as a cuckold. Hornbeak, horn-fish, a kind of fish. Horn-beam, a species of tree. Horn-book, the first book used by children, and covered with horn. Horner, one that works in, or sells horn, Hornet, Sax. þynnette, from its horns: a very large strong stinging fly, which makes its nest in hollow trees. Horn-foot, hoofed. Horn-owl, a species of owl with horns. Hornpipe, a country dance. Hornstone, a kind of blue stone. Horn-work, a kind of angular fortification: horned, horny, made of, or resembling horn.

Saxon, poɲn; Gothic, haurn; Belg. horn, hoorn. The hard bodies which

He shewed him, or they went to soupere,
Forestes, parkes, ful of wilde dere;-
Ther saw he hartes with hir hornes hie
The gretest that were ever seen with eie.

Chaucer. The Frankeleines Tale.
Janus sit by the fire with double berd
And drinketh, of his bugle horn, the wine. Id.
A lusty tabrere,

That to thee many a hornpipe played,
Whereto they dauncen each one with his maid.
Spenser.

The squire 'gan nigher to approach,
And wind his horn under the castle wall,
That with the noise it shook as it would fall.
Id. Faerie Queene.
As when two rams, stirred with ambitious pride,
Fight for the rule of the rich fleeced flock,
Their horned fronts so fierce on either side
Do meet, that, with the terrour of the shock,
Astonished both stand senseless as a block.
There's a post come from my master, with his horn
full of good news.
Shakspeare.

Id.

aten called assidue, will be scarcely distinguishable from it. It requires some degree of fancy and judgment to dispose of the paste in such a manner as to form a variety of transparent parts of different magnitudes and figures; and it will be an improvement to add semitransparent parts; which may be done by mixing whiting with some of the paste to weaken its operation in particular places; by which spots of a reddishbrown will be produced, which, if properly interspersed, especially on the edges of the dark parts, will greatly increase both the beauty of the work, and its similitude with the real tortoiseshell.

HORN, in geography. See HOORN. HORN, a musical instrument of the wind kind, is chiefly used in hunting, to animate and bring together the dogs and the hunters. The term was anciently, wind a horn, all horns being in those times of a winding shape; but, since straight horns were made, we say blow a horn, and sometimes sound a horn. See MUSIC. The Hebrews made use of horns formed of ram's horns to proclaim the Jubilee.

HORN, FRENCH, is a wreathed or contorted trumpet. It labors under the same defects as the trumpet itself; but these have of late been so palliated as to require no particular selection of keys for this instrument.

HORN, an island on the coast of Florida, between Ship and Massacre Islands. It is nearly seventeen miles long, and about half a mile wide, having many trees on the middle of it.

HORN, CAPE, is the most southern extremity of South America, and the south point of a group of islands, of unequal extent, lying before Nassau Bay, known by the name of the Hermit Islands. North-west of the cape are two peaked rocks, like sugar-loaves. Some other straggling rocks lie west, and one south of it; but they are all near the shore. It is cold, lofty, and covered with wood. It was discovered by Jacob le Maire, a Dutchman, in 1616; and Anson and others have encountered, in passing this cape, the most dreadful tempests; but of late years it has been the common course of all vessels, being found much preferable to the tedious passage through the straits of Magellan. The shore is inhabited by savages, of whom little is known. Long. 67° 46′ W., lat. 55° 58′ S.

HORN, FALSE, CAPE, a cape of South America, nine miles north-east of Cape Horn.

HORNBACH, a town of Germany in the late duchy of Deux Ponts, now annexed to the French republic, and included in the department of Savre and Moselle. It is seated on the river Horn, with a Benedictine abbey, five miles south-east of Deux Ponts. Long. 7° 36′ E., lat.

49° 10' N.

HORN-BEAM, in botany. See CARPINUS. HORNBERG, an ancient town of Germany, in the Black Forest, and duchy of Wirtemberg, with a fortress upon a mountain. It is seated on the river Gutlash, twenty-one miles northeast of Friburg. Long. 8° 27′ E., lat. 48° 12′ N. HORN-BILL. See BUCEROS. HORNBLEND is a black or green indurated bole of clay, consisting of scaly particles, which are distinguishable from those of mica, by being

less shining, thicker, and rectangular. It is ge nerally found amongst iron ores, and sometimes intermixed with mica, forming a compact stone. HORNCASTLE, a market town of Lincolnshire. It had a castle, from the architecture of which, and the coins sometimes dug up, it is thought to have been a station of the Romans. The town is well built and tolerably healthy. It is a signiory of thirteen lordships. It has a market on Saturday, and fairs in June and August. It is twenty miles east of Lincoln, and 136 north of London.

HORN-DISTEMPER, a disease incident to horned cattle, affecting the internal substance of the horn, commonly called the pith, which it insensibly wastes, and leaves the horn hollow. The pith is a spongy bone, the cells of which are filled with an unctuous matter. It is furnished with a great number of small blood-vessels, is overspread with a thin membrane, and appears to be united by sutures with the bones of the head. According to an account of this distemper published by Dr. Tufts in the Memoirs of the American Academy, vol. i., the spongy bone is sometimes partly, and sometimes entirely wasted. The horn loses its natural heat, and a degree of coldness is felt upon handling it. The distemper, however, is seldom suspected without a particular acquaintance with the other symptoms, which are a dulness in the countenance of the beast, a sluggishness in moving, a failure of appetite, an inclination to lie down, and, when accompanied with an inflammation of the brain, a giddiness and frequent tossing of the head. The limbs are sometimes affected with stiffness, as in a rheumatism; in cows the milk often fails, the udder is hard, and in almost all cases there is a sudden wasting of the flesh. As soon as the distemper is discovered, an opening into the diseased horn should be immediately made; which may be done with a gimlet of a moderate size, in such a part of the horn as is most favorable for the discharge. It is recommended as most prudent to bore at first two or three inches above the head. If it is found hollow, and the gimlet passes through to the opposite side, and no blood discharges from the aperture, it may be best to bore still lower, and as near the head as it shall be judged that the hollowness extends. This opening is affirmed to be a necessary measure, and often gives immediate relief. Care must be taken to keep it clear, as it is apt to be clogged by a thin fluid that gradually oozes out and fills up the passage. Some saw off the horn; but, according to the best information, it does not succeed better than boring. From the cases Dr. Tufts has seen, he is led to conclude that injections are in general unnecessary; that, when the distemper is early discovered, no more is required than a proper opening into the horn, keeping it sufficiently clear for the admission of fresh air, the removal of the compression, and the discharge of floating matter. But when the distemper has communicated its effects to the brain, so as to produce a high degree of inflammation, it is doubted whether any method of cure will succeed.

HORNE (George), D.D., bishop of Norwich, was born at Otham in Kent, in 1730. He was

educated at Maidstone, and took his degrees of M. A. and D. D. at Oxford. In 1753 he entered into orders, and was soon distinguished as a preacher. In 1776 he was elected vice-chancellor; and, in 1781, bishop of Norwich. Having early adopted the principles of Hutchinson, he displayed his abilities in defending them. He wrote, 1. An impartial state of the case between Sir Isaac Newton and Mr. Hutchinson; 2. The Theology and Philosophy in Cicero's Somnium Scipionis explained, 8vo.; 3. Spicilegium Shuckfordianum, or A Nosegay for the Critics, 8vo.; 4. A View of Mr. Kennicott's Method of Correcting the Hebrew Text, 8vo.; 5. Considerations on the Life and Death of John the Baptist, 8vo., 1769; 6. A Commentary on the Psalms, 2 vols. 4to.; 7. A Letter to Adam Smith, LL.D., on the Life, Death, and Philosophy of David Hume, 12mo.; 8. Letters on Infidelity, 12mo. 9. A Letter to Dr. Priestley, 8vo.; 10. Sermons, 5 vols.; and several other works. He died at Bath in 1792; and was much esteemed for his learning and piety.

HORNECK (Dr. Anthony), a learned divine, born at Baccharach, in the Lower Palatinate, in 1641. He studied divinity under Dr. Spanheim at Heidelberg; afterwards completed his studies at Oxford, and became vicar of Allhallows in that city. In 1665 he became tutor to lord Torrington, son of the duke of Albemarle, who presented him to the rectory of Doulton in Devonshire, and a prebend in Exeter. He was afterwards chosen preacher of the Savoy. In 1693 he was collated to a prebend in Westminster, and to another in the cathedral of Wells. He published, 1. The Great Law of Consideration; 2. The Happy Ascetic; 3. Delight and Judgment; 4. The Fire of the Altar; 5. The Exercise of Prayer; 6. The Crucified Jesus; Several Sermons, and other works. He died in 1696, and was interred in Westminster Abbey, where a monument is erected to his memory.

HORNER (Francis), esq., M.P. and barristerat-law, was born at Edinburgh in the year 1778. He was educated at the high school, and finished his studies at the university of that place, where he formed an intimacy with lord Henry Petty, subsequently marquis of Lansdowne, Mr. Brougham, and the early conductors of the Edinburgh Review. He himself was one of its ablest writers. He first came into parliament in the year 1806. In 1810 he was chairman to the Bullion Committee, and the author of the then excellent report on that intricate subject. His application to business, however, so much impaired his constitution, that he was obliged to seek the climate of Italy, and died, greatly lamented, at Pisa, 8th February, 1817.

HORNET, in zoology. See VESPA. HORN-FISH, or GAR-FISH. See Esox. HORNING, in Scots law, a writing issuing from the signet, in his majesty's name, at the instance of a creditor against his debtor, commanding him to pay or perform within a certain time, on pain of being declared rebel, and by a caption put in prison.

HORNIUS (George), professor of history at Leyden, was born in the Palatinate, and died at Leyden in 1670. He went mad at the latter

part of his life; which was supposed to be oc casioned by the loss of 6000 florins he had entrusted with an alchymist at the Hague. His works are, 1. Historia Ecclesiastica, ad ann. 1666, which is esteemed; 2. De Originibus Americanis, 1652, 8vo.; 3. Geographia Vetus et Nova; 4. Orbis Politicus.

HORNPIPE, a common instrument of music in Wales, consisting of a wooden pipe, with holes at stated distances, and a horn at each end; the one to collect the wind blown into it by the mouth, and the other to carry off the sounds as modulated by the performer.

HORNPIPE is also the name of an English air, probably derived from the above instrument. The measure is triple time, with six crotchets in a bar; four beats with the hand down and two up.

HORNSEA, a town of Yorkshire, 188 miles from London. It is almost surrounded by a small arm of the sea; and the church, having a high steeple, is a noted sea-mark.

HORNSBY (Thomas), D. D., an English mathematician and astronomer, was born 1734, and became Savilian professor of astronomy, profesor of natural philosophy, lecturer on experimental philosophy, and keeper of the Ratcliffe library, Oxford. He had taken the degrees of M.A. and D.D., and was a fellow of the Royal Society. He published the following papers in their Transactions:-On the Parallax of the Sun, 1763; Observations on the Solar Eclipse, April 1st, 1764, at Oxford; Account of the Improvements to be made by Observations of the Transit of Venus, in 1769; Observations on the Transit of Venus, and Eclipse of the Sun, June 3d, 1769; The Quantity of the Sun's Parallax, as deduced from Observations of the Transit of Venus, on June 3d, 1769; Enquiry into the Quantity and Direction of the proper Motion of Arcturus; with some Remarks on the Diminution of the Obliquity of the Ecliptic. Dr. Hornsby also distinguished himself as the editor of the Astronomical Observations of Dr. Bradley, at Greenwich, which were published in 2 vols. folio, 1798.

HOROGRAPHY, n. s. Fr. horographie; Gr. wpa and ypaow. An account of the hours. HOR'ÖLOGE, n. s. HOROLOGY.

Latin horologium; Greek ωρα and λεγω. Any instrument that tells the hour: as a clock; a watch; an hour-glass.

Shakspeare.

He'll watch the horologe a double set, If drink rock not his cradle Before the days of Jerome there were horologies, that measured the hours not only by drops of water in glasses, called clepsydra, but also by sand in glasses, called clepsammia. Browne.

HOROLOGE, HOROLOGIUM, Opoλoytov, of wpa, an hour, and λy, I read or speak, a common name among the ancient writers for any instrument or machine for measuring the hours; such are our clocks, watches, sun-dials, &c. Modern inventions, and gradual improvements, have given birth to some new terms that come properly under this head, and annexed new meanings to others totally different from what they had originally. All chronometers that announced the hour by striking on a bell were called clocks: thus, we read of pocket-clocks. In like manner,

all clocks that did not strike the hour, were called watches or time-pieces. In Sir Isaac Newton's report to the house of commons, in 1713, relative to the longitude act, he states the difficulties of ascertaining the longitude by means of a watch: yet it is obvious, from several circumstances, that his remarks were to be understood of a timepiece regulated by a pendulum; for his objections are founded on the known properties of the pendulum, some of which differ essentially from the properties of the balance and spring. At this time, such machines for measuring time as are fixed in their place are called clocks, if they strike the hour: if they do not strike the hour, they are called time-pieces; and when constructed with more care, for a more accurate measure of time, they are called regulators. Mr. John Harrison first gave the name of timekeeper to his watch, for which he received £20,000.

HOROM'ETRY, n. s. Fr. horometrie; Gr. ωρα and μετρέω. The art of measuring hours.

It is no easy wonder how the horometry of antiquity discovered not this artifice. Browne.

HOROSCOPE, n. s. Fr. horoscope; Greek ωροσκοπος. The configuration of the planets at the hour of birth.

The Greek names this the horoscope;
This governs life, and this marks out our parts,
Our humours, manners, qualities and arts.

Creech. A proportion of the horoscope unto the seventh house, or opposite signs every seventh year, oppresseth living creatures. Brownc.

Him born beneath a boding horoscope,
His sire, the blear-eyed Vulcan of a shop,
From Mars his forge sent to Minerva's school.

Dryden. How unlikely is it, that the many, almost numberless conjunctions of stars, which occur in the progress of a man's life, should not match and countervail that one horoscope or conjunction which is found at his birth. Drummond.

They understood the planets and the zodiack by instinct, and fell to drawing schemes of their own horoscopes in the same dust they sprung out of.

Bentley.

HOROSCOPE, from wpa, an hour, and σKETTOμaι, I consider, in astrology, is the degree or point of the heavens rising above the eastern point of the horizon at any given time, when a prediction is to be made.

HOROSCOPE is also used for a scheme or figure of the twelve houses or twelve signs of the zodiac, wherein is marked the disposition of the heavens for any given time.

HORREA, in Roman antiquity, were public magazines of corn and salt meat, out of which the soldiers were furnished on their march in the military roads of the empire. Horrea was also the name which they gave to their granaries. HOR'RENT, adi. Fr. horreur; Lat. horHOR RIBLE, adj. reo, horror, horridus, HORRIBLENESS, n. s. horrificus, horrisonus. HORRIBLY, adj. Words severally exHOR'RID, adj. pressive of feelings HOR'RIDNESS, n. s. which affect the senses HORRIF'IC, adj. more than the mind. HORRIS'ONOUS, adj, Horrid and horrible, HOR'ROR, n. s. J derivatives of horror,

signify the extreme of those sensations, which, through the eye for the most part produce corresponding feelings. The order is thus: fearful; dreadful; frightful; tremendous; terrible; terrific; horrible; horrid. Crabb says, shrieks may be frightful, thunder and lightning tremendous, the roaring of a lion terrible, the glare of his eye terrific, the actual spectacle of killing horrible or horrid.' Horrisonous, sounding dreadfully. Horrent, pointed outwards; bristled with points. Horror is extreme terror, mixed with detestation; dreadful thoughts; gloom; dreariness: a term used in medicine to describe the first stage of an ague fit.

Horrour is always drede of harme that is to come. Chaucer. The Persones Tale. Certes, ther is non so horrible sinne of man that ne may in his lif, be destroyed by penitence, thurgh vertue of the passion and of the death of Crist.

Id.

Over them sad horrour, with grim hue, Did always soar, beating his iron wings; And after him owls and night-ravens flew, The hateful messengers of heavy things. Faerie Queene

Give colour to my pale cheek with thy blood,
That we the horrider may seem to those
Which chance to find us. Shakspeare. Cymbeline.
Not in the legions

Of horrid hell can come a devil more damned,
In evils to top Macbeth. Shakspeare. Macbeth.
I have supt full with horrours;
Direness, familiar to my slaughterous thoughts,
Cannot once start me.

[d. No colour affecteth the eye much with displeasure : there be sights that are horrible, because they excite thn memory of things that are odious or fearful.