The huge jack he had caught was served up for the first dish upon our sitting down to it, he gave us a long account how he had hooked it, played with it, foiled it, and at length drew it out upon the bank. Addison.

Let me less cruel cast the feathered hook With pliant rod athwart the pebbled brook, Silent along the mazy margin stray And with the fine-wrought fly delude the prey. Gay's Rural Sports. Not that I'd lop the beauties from his book, Like flashing Bentley with his desperate hook.

Pope.

While Sheridan is off the hooks, And friend Delany at his books. Swift. HOOKS OF A SHIP are all those forked timbers which are placed directly upon the keel, as well in her run as in her rake. Can-hooks are those which being made fast to the end of a rope with a noose (like that which brewers use to sling or carry their barrels on), are made use of for slings. Loof-hooks are a tackle with two hooks; one to hitch into a cringle of the main or fore sail, in the bolt-rope at the leech of the sail by the clew; and the other is to hitch into a strap, which is spliced to the chess tree. Their use is to pull down the sail, and succour the tackles in a large sail and stiff gale, that all the stress may not bear upon the tack. It is also used when the tack is to be seized more secure, and to take off or put on a bonnet or drabbler.

Hook (James), a musician of Norwich, was born 1746, and studied the science which he afterwards professed under Garland, organist to the cathedral of that city. His musical productions amount to more than 140 complete works. Of these the principal are The Ascension, an oratorio, 1776: Cupid's Revenge, a pastoral, 1772; Lady of the Manor, 1778; Jack of Newbury, 1795; Wilmore Castle, 1800; Soldier's Return, 1805; Operas. Tekeli, a melodrame; The Siege of St Quentin; Music Mad; and several other dramatic pieces, besides upwards of

2000 songs.

HOOKAH, in eastern customs, a pipe of peculiar construction, through which tobacco is smoked. Out of a small vessel, of a bell or globular form, and nearly full of water, issue two tubes, one perpendicularly, on which is placed the tobacco; the other obliquely to which the person who smokes applies his mouth; the smoke by this means, being drawn through water, is cooled in its passage and rendered more grate ful. The hookah is known and used throughout the East; and it is frequently an implement of

very costly nature, being of silver, and set with precious stones: in the better kind, that tube which is applied to the mouth is very long and pliant, and is termed the snake; people who use it in a luxurious manner, fill the vessel through which the smoke is drawn with rose-water, and it thereby receives some of the fragrant quality of that fluid. They are now becoming common in this country, and may be had at every tobacconist's.

HOOKE (Nathaniel), author of a well known Roman History, was a Roman Catholic by profession, and much attached to the doctrines of quietism and mysticism taught by Fenelon. The only particulars of his early life now known are furnished in the following letter to the earl of Oxford, dated October 7, 1722: My lord, the first time I had the honor to wait upon your lordship since your coming to London, your lordship had the goodness to ask me, what way of life I was then engaged in; a certain mauvaise honte hindered me at that time from giving a direct answer. The truth is, my lord, I cannot be said at present to be in any form of life, but rather to live extempore. The late epidemical distemper seized me' (alluding to the unfortunate adventure of the South Sea Scheme); I endeavoured to be rich; imagined for a while that I was, and am in some measure happy to find myself at this instant but just worth nothing. If your lordship, or any of your numerous friends, have need of a servant, with the bare qualifications of being able to read and write, and to be honest, I shall gladly undertake any employments your lordship shall not think me unworthy of. I have been taught, my lord, that neither a man's natural pride, nor his self-love, is an equal judge of what is fit for him; and I shall endeavour to remember, that it is not the short part we act, but the manner of our performance, which gains or loses us the applause of Him who is finally to decide of all human actions. My lord, I am just now employed in translating from the French a History of the Life of the late archbishop of Cambray; and I was thinking to beg the honor of your lordship's name to protect a work which will have so much need of it. The original is not yet published. It is written by the author of the Discourse upon Epic Poetry, in the new edition of Telemaque. As there are some passages in the book of a particular nature, I dare not solicit your lordship to grant me the favor I have mentioned, till you first have perused it. The whole is short, and pretty fairly transcribed. If your lordship could find a spare hour to look it over, I would wait upon your lordship with it, as it may possibly be no unpleasing entertainment. I should humbly ask your lordship's pardon for so long an address in a season of so much business. But when should I be able to find a time in which your lordship's goodness is not employed? I am, with perfect respect and duty, my lord, your lordship's most obliged, most faithful, and most obedient humble servant, Nathaniel Hooke.' The translation here spoken of was afterwards printed in 13mo, 1723. From this period till his death Mr. Hooke enjoyed the confidence and patronage of men not less distinguished by virtue than by titles. He published

a Translation of Ramsay's Travels of Cyrus, in 4to.; in 1733 he revised a translation of The History of the Conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards, by Thomas Townsend, esq.; printed in 2 vols. 8vo.; and in the same year he published, in 4to., the first volume of The Roman History, from the building of Rome to the ruin of the Commonwealth; illustrated with maps and other plates. In the dedication to this volume, Mr. Hooke took the opportunity of telling Pope, that the displaying his name at the head of those sheets was like the hanging out a splendid sign, to catch the traveller's eye, and entice him to make trial of the entertainment the place affords.' The volume is introduced by Remarks on the History of the Seven Roman Kings, occasioned by Sir Isaac Newton's objections to the supposed 244 years duration of the royal state of Rome. His nervous pen was next employed in digesting An Account of the conduct of the Dowager duchess of Marlborough, from her first coming to Court to the year 1710, in a letter from herself to lord in 1742, 8vo.; her grace was so well pleased with this performance, that she complimented the author with a present of £5000, a sum which far exceeded his expectations. The second volume of his Roman History appeared in 1745; to which Mr. Hooke added The Capitoline Marbles, or Consular Calendars, an ancient Monument accidentally discovered at Rome in the year 1545, during the Pontificate of Paul III. In 1758 he published Observations on, 1. The Answer of M. l'Abbé de Vertot to the late earl of Stanhope's Enquiry concerning the Senate of ancient Rome: dated December 1719. 2. A Dissertation upon the Constitution of the Roman Senate, by a Gentleman: published in 1743. 3. A Treatise on the Roman Senate, by Dr. Conyers Middleton: published in 1747. 4. An Essay on the Roman Senate, by Dr. Thomas Chapman: published in 1750; which he inscribed to Mr. Speaker Onslow. The third volume of Mr. Hooke's Roman History, to the end of the Gallic war, was printed under his inspection before his last illness; but did not appear till after his death, which happened in 1764. The fourth and last volume was published in 1771. Mr. Hooke left two sons; of whom one was a divine of the church of England; the other a doctor of the Sorbonne, and professor of astronomy in that formerly illustrious seminary.

HOOKE (Robert), an eminent English mathematician and philosopher, was born in the Isle of Wight, in 1635. He very early discovered a genius for mechanics, by making curious toys with great art and dexterity. He was educated under Dr. Busby in Westminster school; where he acquired Greek and Latin, with Hebrew and some other oriental languages; and made himself master of a great part of Euclid's Elements. About 1653 he went to Christ Church in Oxford, and in 1655 was introduced to the Philosophical Society there; who first employed him to assist Dr. Wallis in his operations in chemistry, and afterwards recommended him to the honorable Robert Boyle, whom he served several years in the same capacity. He was also instructed in astronomy about this time by Dr. Seth Ward, and henceforward distinguished himself by many mecha

nical inventions and improvements. He invented several astronomical instruments for making observations both at sea and land; and was particularly serviceable to Mr. Boyle in completing the invention of the air-pump. Sir John Cutler having founded a mechanical school, in 1664, he settled an annual stipend on Mr. Hooke for life, entrusting the president, council, and fellows of the Royal Society, to direct him with respect to the number and subject of his lectures; and on the 11th of January, 1664, 1665, he was elected by that society curator of experiments for life, with an additional salary. The rebuilding of the city of London after the dreadful fire in 1666 requiring an able person to set out the ground to the proprietors, Mr. Hooke was appointed one of the surveyors. Mr. Oldenburgh, secretary to the Royal Society, dying in 1677, Mr. Hooke was appointed to supply his place, and began to take minutes at the meeting in October, but did not publish the Transactions. In 1691 he was employed in forming the plan of the hospital near Hoxton, founded by Robert Aske, alderman of London, who appointed archbishop Tillotson one of his executors; and in December, the same year, Hooke was created M. D. by a warrant from that prelate. In 1696 an order was granted to him for repeating most of his experiments at the expense of the Royal Society, upon a promise of his finishing the observations, and deductions from them, and of perfecting the description of all the instruments contrived by him; but his increasing illness and general decay rendered him unable to perform it. He continued some years in this wasting condition, till he was quite emaciated. He died March 3rd, 1702, at his lodgings in Gresham College, and was buried in St. Helen's church, Bishopsgate Street, his funeral being attended by all the members of the Royal Society, then in London. He wrote, 1. Lectiones Cutlerianæ. 2. Micrographia, or Descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses. 3. A Description of Helioscopes. 4. A Description of some Mechanical Improvements of Lamps and Water Poises. 4to. 5. Philosophical Collections. After his death were published, 6. Posthumous works collected from his papers by Richard Waller, secretary to the Royal Society.

HOOKER (John), was born in Exeter, about 1524. He was instructed in grammar by Dr. Moreman, vicar of Menhiniot in Cornwall, and thence removed to Oxford. He next travelled to Germany, and resided some time at Cologne, where he kept exercises in law, and graduated. Thence he went to Strasburg, where he studied divinity under the famous Peter Martyr. He now returned to England, and soon after visited France, intending to proceed to Spain ar.d Italy; but was prevented by a declaration of war. Returning therefore again to England, he fixed his residence in his native city, where, having married, he was in 1554 elected chamberlain, being the first person who held that office, and in 1571 represented his fellow-citizens in parliament. He died in 1601, and was buried in the cathedral at Exeter. He wrote, among other works, 1. Order and Usage of keeping of Parliaments in Ireland. 2. The events of Comets or Blazing

Stars, made upon the sight of the Comet Pagonia, which appeared in November and December, 1577. 3. Ar addition to the Chronicles of Ireland from 1546 to 1568; in the second volume of Holinshed's Chronicles. 4. A Description of the city of Exeter, and of the Sondrie Assaults given to the same; Holinshed's Chronicle, vol. III. 5. A Book of Ensigns. 6. Translation of the History of the Conquest of Ireland, from the Latin of Giraldus Cambrensis; in Holinshed's Chronicle, vol. ii. 7. Synopsis Chorographica, or an Historical record of the province of Devon; never printed.

HOOKER (Richard), a learned divine, nephew to the preceding, born at Heavytree, near Exeter, in 1553. By his uncle he was first supported at the University of Oxford, with the addition of a small pension from Dr. Jewel, bishop of Salisbury, who in 1561 got him admitted one of the clerks of Corpus Christi College. In 1573 he was elected scholar. In 1577 he took the degree of M. A. and was admitted fellow. In July, 1579, he was appointed deputy professor of the Hebrew language. In 1581 he took orders; and, being appointed to preach at St. Paul's cross, he came to London, where he was unfortunately drawn into a marriage with Joan Churchman, the termagant daughter of his hostess. Having thus lost his fellowship he continued in the utmost distress till 1584, when he was presented by John Cheny, esq. to the rectory of Drayton-Beauchamp, in Buckinghamshire. In this retirement he was visited by Mr. Edwin Sandys, and Mr. George Cranmer, his former pupils. They found him, with a Horace in his hand, tending some sheep in the common, his servant having been ordered home by his Xantippe. They attended him to his house; but were soon deprived of his company by an order from his wife for him to come and rock the cradle. Mr. Sandys's representation to his father of his tutor's situation, procured him the mastership of the Temple. Here he met with considerable molestation from one Travers, lecturer of the Temple, and a bigoted Puritan, who in the afternoon endeavoured to confute the doctrine he had delivered in the morning. From this disagreeable situation he solicited archbishop Whitgift to remove him to some country retirement, where he might prosecute his studies in tranquillity. Accordingly, in 1591 he obtained the rectory of Boscomb in Wiltshire, together with a prebend in the church of Salisbury, of which he was also made sub-dean. In 1594 he was presented to the rectory of Bishops-Bourne in Kent, where he died in 1600. He was buried in his parish church, and a monument 'erected to his memory by William Cooper, Esq. He wrote, 1. Ecclesiastical Polity, in eight books. 2. A Discourse of Justification, &c., with two sermons, Oxford, 1612, 4to. 3. Several other sermons printed with the Ecclesiastical Polity. HOOKER, in naval architecture, a vessel much used by the Dutch, built like a pink, but rigged and masted like a hoy. Hookers will lie nearer a wind than vessels with cross sails can do. They are from fifty to 200 tons burden, and with a few hands will sail to the East Indies.

HOOLE (John), a poet and translator of some

celebrity, was born in London, December 1727, and was the son of a watchmaker. He acquired at a private boarding school an accurate knowledge of the Latin and French languages, and at the age of seventeen entered as a clerk at the East India House, where he closely studied the Italian language. He commenced the translation of the Jerusalem Delivered of Tasso in 1758, and published it in 1763. The dedication to the queen was composed by Dr. Johnson. In 1767 he published a translation of six dramas of Metastasio, in 2 vols.; and the next year brought out his tragedy of Cyrus; Timanthes in 1770, and Cleone in 1775, all equally unsuccessful dramatic efforts. In 1773 he published the first volume of his Orlando Furioso, the farther progress of which was impeded by his advancement to the auditorship of the Indian accounts; he however concluded it in 1783, in 5 vols. 8vo. In 1785 he wrote the life of his friend, Mr. Scott, of Amwell, and having retired from the India House, after a service of forty-two years, he took up his abode, with his wife and son, at the parsonage-house of Abinger, near Dorking. Here he connected the narrative of his Orlando in twenty-four books, and disposed the stories in a regular series. In 1792 he translated Tasso's Rinaldo, and ended his litarary labors with a Collection of dramas from Metastasio: but his translations are considered meagre and spiritless. He died respected in

1803.

HOOP, n. s. & v. a. Sax. pop; Swed. hop; HOOP'ER, n.s. Belg. hoep. Any thing circular by which something else is bound, particularly casks or barrels; the whalebone with which women extend their petticoats; a farthingale; any thing circular. Hooper, a cooper, one that hoops tubs. Hoop, to encircle; clasp ; surround; bind or enclose with hoops.

Thou shalt prove a shelter to thy friends,
A hoop of gold to bind thy brothers in,
That the united vessel of their blood
Shall never leak.

Shakspeare. Henry IV.