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cesset,' on a green riband, distinguishes a knight of the Thistle; and 'Tria juncta in uno,' on red, a knight of the Bath. None of these orders of knighthood are hereditary; but the honors of a baronet of Ulster, and of a baronet of Nova Scotia, (created by patent in 1602), descend to the heirs male.

For representations of the badges of the several orders of knighthood, see plate V.

The following table will shew the order of precedency observed at public solemnities, &c.

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women.

The hatchment is usually affixed to the fronts of houses, when any of the nobility or gentry die. 1. The arms, if the deceased be a private gentleman, are parted per pale with those of his wife. The ground without the escutcheon being black denotes the man to be dead; and the ground on the sinister side being white signifies that the wife is living.

When a married gentlewomen dies first, the hatchment is distinguished by contrary color from the former; that is, the arms on the sinister side have the ground without the escutcheon black; whereas those on the dexter side, for her surviving husband, are upon a white ground: the hatchment of a gentlewoman is, moreover, differenced by a cherub over the arms instead of

a crest.

When a bachelor dies, his arms may be depicted single or quartered, with a crest over them, but never impaled, as the two first are, and all the ground without the escutcheon is also

black.

When a maid dies, her arms, which are placed in a lozenge, may be single, or quartered, as those of a bachelor; but, instead of a crest, have a cherub over them, and all the ground without the escutcheon, is also black.

When a widower dies, his arms are represented impaled with those of his deceased wife, having a crest and sometimes a helmet and mantling over them, and all the ground without the escutcheon black.

When a widow dies, her arms are also represented impaled with those of her deceased husband, but enclosed in a lozenge, and, instead of a crest, a cherub is placed over them; all the ground. without the escutcheon is also black.

If a widower or bachelor should happen to be the last of the family, a mort-head is generally annexed to each hatchment, to denote that death has conquered all.

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By the forementioned rules, which are sometimes neglected through the ignorance of illiterate people, may be known, upon the sight of any hatchment, what branch of the family is dead; and by the helmet, coronet, &c., what tile and degree the deceased person held. The same rules are observed with respect to the escutcheons placed on the hearse and horses used in pompous funerals, except that they are not surmounted with any crest, as in the foregoing examples of hatchments, but are always plain. It is necessary, however, to ensign those of peers with coronets, and that of a maiden lady with a

knot of ribands.

In Scotland a funeral escutcheon not only shows forth the arms and condition of the defunct, but is also a proof of the gentility of his descent; and such persons, for whom this species of escutcheon can be made out, are legally entitled to the character of gentlemen of blood,

HERALDUS (Desiderius), or Didier Herault, a counsellor of the parliament of Paris, of uncommon learning. His Adversaria appeared in 1599; which, however, if the Scaligerana may be credited, he repented having published. His notes on Tertullian's Apology, on Minutius Felix, and on Arnobius, have been esteemed. He also wrote notes on Martial's Epigrams. Under the name of David Leidhresserus, he wrote a political dissertation on the independence of kings, some time after the death of Henry IV. He had a controversy with Salmasius, De jure Attico ac Romano; but did not live to finish what he had written on that subject. What he had done, however, was printed in 1650. He died in

June 1649.

HERALDUS, OF HERAULT, Son to Desiderius, was a minister in Normandy, when he was called to the service of the Walloon church of London under Charles I. He wrote a work entitled Pacifique Royal en deuil, in which he condemned the execution of king Charles I. It is quoted by Daille. He was so zealous a royalist that he was forced to fly to France, to escape the fury of the republicans. He returned to England after the Restoration, and resumed his ministry in the Walloon church at London: some time after which he obtained a canonry in the cathedral of Canterbury, which he enjoyed till his death.

HERAT, the ancient Aria, a city of Persia, in the province of Khorassan, is on the high road from Persia to Hindostan, and on the west frontier of Afghaunistaun. It has been taken by all the great conquerors of the east, from Alexander to Nadir Shah. At the beginning of the sixteenth century it was at the height of its modern splendor, and the residence of Aboul Ghazy, the fourth in descent from Timour. It is now the head of a viceroyalty of Cabul. In 1783 Mr. Forster describes it as very commercial, and having an excellent manufacture of carpets. Good horses are bred in the vicinity, and its revenues have been reckoned at 4,000,000 rupees.

HERAULT, DEPARTMENT OF (in France), is part of the former province of Languedoc, and

which is the highest species of gentility. The English hatchment, above described, exhibits no more than a right to a coat of arms, which may be acquired by purchase, and is only the first step towards establishing gentility in a family.

HERALDS, COLLEGE OF, or HERALDS' OFFICE, a corporation founded by a charter of king Richard III., who granted them several privileges, as to be free from subsidies, tolls, offices, &c. They had a second charter from king Henry VI.; and a house built near Doctors' Commons, by the earl of Derby, in the reign of king Henry VII. was given them by the duke of Norfolk, in the reign of queen Mary I., which house is now rebuilt. This college is subordinate to the earl marshal of England. They are assistants to him in the court of chivalry, usually held in the common hall of the college, where they sit in their rich coats of his majesty's arms.

derives its name from the river Herault, which traverses it from north to south in its way to the Mediterranean Sea. The chief place of this prefecture is Montpelier: it is divided into four arrondissements, or subprefectures, viz. Montpelier 111,656 inhabitants, Beziers 117,279, Lodève 52,893, and St. Pons 42,298, making a total of 324,126 souls. It contains thirty-six justiciaries of the peace, or cantons, and 333 communes, spread over an area of 951 square miles, and yields a territorial revenue of 21,580,000 francs. It is the ninth military division of the kingdom; has a royal court and bishopric at Montpelier, consists of three electoral circles, and sends five members to the chamber of deputies. It is bounded on the north and east by the department of the Gard, on the south-east by the Mediterranean, on the south-west by the department of Aude, and on the north-west by those of Aveyron and Farn.

The surface of this maritime department is much diversified; it is intersected by mountains and valleys, plains and forests; the soil is generally dry and barren, and with difficulty produces corn; but, to make amends, it yields abundance of excellent wines, especially Muscadel and Frontigniac, a great number of plants suitable for medicine, dyeing, and perfumery, and a vast quantity of fruits of every kind. The country is covered with olive, almond, and figtrees; the gardens are filled with orange trees, citrons, and pomegranates, which present at all seasons a constant succession of flowers and fruits. There are also some fine forests of oaks, which furnish wood for ship-building and cooperage; the pastures are abundant and always green, and its artificial meadows have been very much increased. One branch of the Cevennes crosses this department in a direction nearly parallel with the coast; in some places the old craters of volcanoes are discernible, and we perceive some masses of basalt, lava, and other volcanic stones. The heights present nothing, so to speak, but uncultivated rocks, where, however, there are some green oaks, box trees, thyme, and lavender.

The pools or lakes of Thau, Frontignan, Magnelone, Perault, and Manguio, which extend over a great space, and communicate with each other by several canals, occupy a considerable part of the coast of this department. They abound in fish of every kind; and produce annually about 23,700 quintals of white fish, 7550 of eels, 45,000 of shell fish, and 15,000 ducks and other aquatic birds, yielding in the whole 560,000 francs, three-fifths of which arise from the pools worked for the advantage of the state.

The soil is generally rich, and is cultivated with horses; but its products are insufficient for the population, since a large portion of the country consists of forests of oak, beech, chestnut, pine, box trees, and green oaks, and another large portion is full of vineyards. The average

produce of a hectar of arable land, is 27 francs 17 centimes. It yields little corn; but more than 2,000,000 of hectolites of wine are made every year, of which three-fourths are distilled and exported; it produces also a great quantity of fruit, a number of artificial meadows, almonds, nuts, olives, figs, oranges, citrons, capers, melons (in the open field), camphire, kali, woad, and pastel. Numbers of cattle and sheep are reared in this country, and great quantities of silk-worms; there is also an extensive pilchard fishery, and quarries of marble of different colors; alabaster, limestones, brown free-stone, potters' clay, fossil cinders, aluminous earths, &c. There are establishments for mineral waters at Avêne, at Balaruc, and la Malou.

In this department are manufactured cloths for soldiers' dresses, which are exported to Spain and the Levant, woollen and cotton counterpanes, swansdowns, silk and grogram caps, staves, casks, cork, paper, mineral acids, dry and mixed verdigris, Spanish nut oil, soap, fine liqueurs, scented waters, perfumery, grape syrup, and confectionary.

Bessan, and falls into the Mediterranean at the port of Agde, where it forms a channel. Its whole course is about eighty-four miles. As far as St. Guilhem, this river flows through a deep trench of calcareous rock; it is navigable from Bessau to its mouth. Its principal tributary streams are the Ergue, the Dombic, and the Peine.

HERAULT. See HERALDUS
HERB, n. s.
HERBACEOUS, adj.
HER'BAGE, n. s.
HERBAL, N. s.
HERBALIST, n. si
HER BAR, n. s.
HER BARIST, N. S.
HER BELET, n. s.
HERBES CENT, adj.
HER'BID, adj.
HEK BORIST, n. s.
HER BOROUGH, N. S.
HER BOUS, adj.
HERBULENT, adj.
HERB-WOMAN, n.s.
HER'BY, adj.

Fr. herbe; Lat. herba; Germ. herberg. The generic name of plants: herbaceous, feeding on vegetables: herbage, pasture, or the right of pasture: herbal, a book containing names and descriptions of plants: herbalist, a man skilled in the knowledge of herbs: herbar, synonymous with a plant: herbarist, one skilled in herbs: heebelet, a small herb: herbescent, growing into herbs: herborough, a temporary residence, a harbour: herbous, herbulent, abounding with herbs: herbwoman, a woman that sells herbs: herby, having the nature of herbs.

Now cannot Canace but herbes delve
Out of the ground; and maken salves newe
Of herbes precious and fine of hewe.

Chaucer. The Squieres Tale. and in her hand

The herb she toke well avisand
The lefe, the sede, the stalke, the floure;
And said it had a gode saveur
And was no common herb to find.

Chaucer's Dreume. The Priores, as woman taught of gentil blood and Assented to hir counsel; and forth gone they wend, Passing forth softly into the herbery,

hend, There are also brandy distilleries;

refining houses for sugar; silk, cotton, and woollen spinning factories; steel manufactories; glasshouses for window glass and bottles; considerable tan-houses, salt-pits, &c. An extensive commerce is carried on in corn, muscadel, and other wines, brandy, spirits, oil, dry and preserved fruits, plants, soap, spices, drugs, verdigris, chemical productions, skins, leather, and cattle. It is a great market for salt, and carries on an import and export trade with almost every port in Europe, America, and the Indies.

The principal rivers which water the country are the Herault and the Lez, which are both navigable, the Ergue, the Mosson, the Salaison, the Orb, the Libron, and the Cesse; the canal in the south, which joins the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, the canal of Grave which communicates with the lakes and the sea by means of the Lez, the canal of Roubine or Lunel, and that of Montpelier. It is traversed by the great roads from Nismes and Perpignan.

HERAULT, a river which takes its rise in the Cevennes, at the foot of the lofty mountains of Aigaoual, and Lespiron, near the village of Valleraugue, in the circle of Vigan, department of the Gard. It passes by Valleraugue, near Ganges, to St. Bauzil, St. Etienne, St. Guilhem-le-Désert near Aniane and Gignac, to Pezenas and

For many a herb grewe for sewe (salve) and surgery. Chaucer. The Pardonere and Tapestere.

The roof hereof was arched over head, And decked with flowers and herbars daintily. Spenser. Faerie Queene.

In such a night

Shakspeare.

Medea gathered the enchanted herbs That did renew old son. These herbelets, which we upon you strow. Id. No substance but earth, and the procedures of earth, as tile and stone, vieldeth any moss or herby

substance.

Econ.

We leave the description of plants to herbals and Id. other like books of natural history. The German lord, when he went out of Newgate into the cart, took order to have his arms set up in his last herborough. Ben Jonson,

Unhappy, from whom still concealed does lie Of herbs and roots the harmless luxury. Cowley. There is a sort of stubborn weeds Which if the earth but once, it ever breeds, No wholesome herb can near them thrive, No useful plant can keep alive.

Id.

With sweet smelling herbs Espoused Eve decked first her nuptial bed. Milton. As for the medicinal uses of plants, the large herbals are ample testimonies thereof More

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