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passed by wagged their heads, and, scoffing, said, "He saved others, himself he cannot save.' He endured the cross, and despised the shame. Thus we see the outside of his suffering. But the Christian is subject to grievous temptations and sad desertions; but even here the same argument holds for our Saviour is not unacquainted with, or ignorant of them, though still without sin. If any of that had been in His sufferings, it had undone all our comfort in Him-but tempted He was, and the temptations were terrible as you know. And was there not some strong conflict, when He fell down, and prayed, in the garden, and sweat drops of blood? Was there not an awful eclipse, when He cried out on the cross, "My God, my God, why hast thou for saken me?" So that even in them we may apply this comfort, and stay our souls on Him, and go to Him as a compassionate high priest. "For Christ also suffered." Heb. iv. 15.

(To be continued.)

DOST THOU SMOKE?

"Dost thou smoke, Bill?" said a tall, lean, sickly looking youth to a fine, robust, healthylooking lad, the other day, as they passed me in the street; while at the same time, a cloud of tobacco smoke came directly in my face, which made me wish most heartily that Bill did not smoke. I need not say how glad I was, to hear the rosy looking lad say, "NO, I don't." Just as this conversation took place, two dashing young men passed me, smoking cigars; the one about 17, and the other about 18 years of age. Turning my footsteps homeward, I could not help pondering on this almost universal practice of smoking, pursued alike by old and young, and ever and anon, some of the faces of my neighbours and acquaintances would present themselves to my recollection, and never was I more surprised to find, on reflection, how closely were linked together, great smokers and poverty-great smokers and pallid looks-great smokers and want of cleanliness. After all, said I to myself, as I reached my own door, What's the real use of tobacco? there must be some good in it; so I took down my Cyclopædia, and looked for the word tobacco. "Tobacco," says the compiler of the book,"contains an oil, of a poisonous quality, which is used in some countries to destroy snakes, by putting a little on the tongue; on receiving it, the snake is seized with convulsions, coils itself up and dies, and what is very singular, becomes almost as stiff and hard as if it was dried in the sun." And is this all the worth of it? said I, as I shut the book-this fellow knows little about it; at all events, there must be some good property about it, or people would not like it; and though it may not be good for snakes, it may be good for man; so I stepped out, and bought myself a clean, new pipe, and half an ounce of the

best tobacco, in general use, determined to try for myself, the boasted enjoyment I had heard great smokers say there was in a pipe. On my return home, I commenced puffing away in good earnest, and as I watched the smoke ascend in clouds above my head, I decided to persevere until my pipe was out, notwithstanding I began to feel queer, and it made my tongue smart sorely; however, I rued my determination, for long ere I had done puffing, my head began to ache, and just when my pipe was out, a cold sweat came over me, and then a shivering fit, and at last nature, offended with the trick I had played her, by a fit of sickness, threw off some of the effects of the tobacco smoke. "Bill, dost thou smoke?" was the first thing I said, when I was sufficiently recovered; No, nor ever will, said I, when I beheld my face in the glass, and observed that it was nearly as pale as death. Now, I readily understood why smokers frequently look so sickly, and why their skins are of a dingy hue, because their stomachs are generally out of order; then they fancy they must take a drop of drink to moisten the tongue, and wash down the tobacco smoke; and thus, step by step, they add drinking to smoking, until the one becomes as habitual as the other; and the victim of tobacco becomes the lover of strong drink. I was not however content with the experiment on myself, but enquiring of others, I found, what an eminent physician had asserted was quite true, "That when tobacco is taken into the mouth for the first time, it creates squeamishness and disgust-if swallowed, it excites violent convulsions of the stomach and bowels, in order to eject the poison; if it be not ejected very speedily, it produces great faintness, anxiety and prostration of the senses." essential oil of tobacco is one of the strongest of vegetable poisons, insomuch that no animal has yet been known to resist its mortal effects. If these, then, be the valuable properties of tobacco, who would be a smoker? But let us hear what the great Boerhaave says, one of the most learned men of his day.

The

"The first effect of tobacco on those who use it, and have learnt to enjoy it, who either chew or smoke, is a waste or vitiation of the saliva. The saliva is secreted by a beautiful glandular apparatus, from the most refined, arterial blood, and constantly distils into the mouth, when a person is in health, and from the mouth into the stomach, at the rate of three-quarters of a pint a day. Whenever this saliva is lavishly spit away, we remove one of the strongest causes of hunger and digestion; the blood is vitiated for want of it and where it is much spit away, there is a want of appetite. Smoking is undoubtedly injurious to lean people, and causes indigestion. When tobacco was first brought into use, it was cried up, as it now sometimes is, as a great remover of hunger, but it was soon observed, that consumptive people increased."

If all this be true, said I to myself, then where's

760

the good of smoking and how nasty it is, to see men and women, with a little, dirty, black pipe in plain and simple garb, a few truths, on this Men, women and youths, I have laid before you, in their mouths, spitting about, and puffing out alarmingly increasing and injurious practice. If smoke, like a walking steam engine. the argument which I have heard used, that it waste both of money and time, in this pernicious, Then as to there is not any real good, but much real evil, and does not cost much; why let us see what it does filthy practice, why persevere in it? for myself, cost. Suppose a man should smoke four moderate from the day that I tried its effects, I have never pipes a day, that is about half an ounce a day- allowed tobacco to enter my mouth, and whenand half an ounce costs three-half-pence-three-ever I am asked if I smoke, I have much real half-pence a day is ten-pence half-penny a week: pleasure in saying, No, I do not. that sum would put five children to school for the week, and leave a half-penny to buy slate pencils with! Ten-pence half-penny per week is £2. 5s. 6d. a year, which sum will pay half-a-year's rent of a fair good cottage, or it will buy 22 stone of meal, at 2s. per stone, and leave 1s. 6d. for yeast, which will be to a vast deal more profit than 1460 pipes of tobacco; to say nothing of the saving of time. Again, how many useful articles of clothing would such a sum procure?

A word or two before I close, about cigars, and I would wish the young reader into whose hands these lines may fall, seriously to consider the following observations. "I have been," says a very eminent medical writer, "now 23 years in extensive practice, and I never observed so many pallid faces, and so many marks of declining health, nor ever knew so many hectical habits, and consumptive affections as of late years; and I trace this alarming inroad on young constitutions, principally, to the pernicious custom of smoking cigars. I am entirely convinced, that smoking and chewing tobacco injure, ultimately, the hearing, smell, taste and teeth. The practice of smoking is productive of indolence, it opens the pores of the head, throat, neck, and chest, and then going into the cold, your pores are suddenly closed-hence arise disorders of the head, throat, and lungs."

"The use of tobacco," says John Wesley, "is an uncleanly and unwholesome self-indulgence; and the more customary it is, the more resolutely should you break off from every degree of that evil custom." "Snuff-taking," continues he, "is a silly, nasty custom; a vile bondage, which we should break at once."

Dr. Adam Clarke says: "the common use of snuff has a direct tendency to dry up the brain, emaciate the body, enfeeble the memory, and destroy in a great measure the delicate sense of smelling-to produce apoplexies, abscesses, consumptions, cancer on the lip, and innumerable other diseases."

The tobacco smoker in public is the most selfish animal imaginable; he perseveres in contaminating the pure and fragrant air, careless whom he annoys, and is but the fitting inmate of a tavern. Smoking in the streets, or in other public places, is only practised by shop-boys, would-be-fashionables, and "swell mob."*"

Whatever may be said of English smokers, unhappily, in this country, the practice of smoking in the streets is not confined to shop boys, or persons of low

Let none begin to smoke, who never smoked before,
And those who used to smoke, now SMOKE NO MORE.
Ipswich Temperance Tract.

FRIENDS' REVIEW. PHILADELPHIA, EIGHTH MONTH 18, 1849.

As our readers will find in the present number some extracts from Upham's Life of Lady Guyon; probably a brief notice of this remarkable woman may be acceptable to those who have not made themselves acquainted with her life and character.

note, about fifty miles south of Paris. The family She was born in the year 1648, at a town of little from which she sprang, appears to have been wealthy, and her education was suited to the sphere in which she was expected to move. Very early in life she became thoughtful respecting her eternal condition; but she was surrounded by the ceremonies and superstition of the age and nation. Though her father had a full share of paternal affection for her, he entertained too high an opinion of his parental authority, or of the soundness of his own judgment, to think it necessary, when she approached what was considered a marriageable age, to consult her in the choice of a husband. She was, therefore, when only in her sixteenth year, married to a man, twenty two years older than herself, whom she appears never to have seen, until after the engagement.

crosses of almost every kind, except poverty, which Subsequently to her marriage, she was tried with was never her lot. Her personal accomplishments, and the wealth of her husband, strongly inclined her to the vanities of the world; but the severe and continual mortifications to which she was subjected, had the happy effect of turning her affections towards an inheritance which never fades, and a consolation of which the things of time could not deprive her.

were within the pale of the Roman Catholic church, As her associations, as well as her education, her opinions, through life, were very much clouded with the errors of that communion; and probably

characters; for some, and perhaps an increasing number, who in other particulars appear quite respectable, indulge in it.—[EĎ.

the sober reader of her autobiography, will find frequent occasion to attribute her declarations to an over ardent imagination; yet we cannot fail to discover in her narrative the evidence of deep religious experience, and of a piety at once active and

subdued.

From an early period of her day, she evidently accustomed herself to regard the crosses to which

DIED,-On the morning of the 25th ult., in the 14th year of her age, REBECCA, daughter of George and Mary Evans, of Spiceland, Henry County, Indiana. The love which filled her heart, and her supplications to the Lord for forgiveness and acceptance, in one so young, afford to her relations and friends the consoling trust, that their loss is her eternal gain.

For Friends' Review.

she was subjected, as dispensations divinely appoint- The following letter is from a father to his only

ed to withdraw her love from the things of the world, and fix it upon those that are above. Hence she considered the individuals who were mingling her cup of sorrows, as the instruments designed for her purification, rather than as conscious agents of perplexity to her.

After passing twelve years of married life, during which she endeavoured to requite the unkindness of her husband, with unvarying assiduity and mildness, she became a widow, at the age of 28. It was several years subsequent to this event, that her imprisonment occurred, to which our extract alludes. In reading the life of this gifted and devoted woman, we can scarcely fail to regret that she had not an opportunity of conversing with those of her cotemporaries who had shaken off, or never known, the shackles of popish superstition.

To many of our subscribers, the extracts from John Gratton's journal will not be new, as the autobiography of that worthy Friend is contained in the ninth volume of the "Friends' Library." Yet as there are probably a considerable number to whom this journal is sent, who are not in possession of the volume in question, it may be presumed that our republication of a few of his impressive statements will not be unacceptable.

Notice was taken in our 40th number, that William Forster had offered to be the bearer of an address to the governments of Europe, on the subject of slavery and the slave-trade, which was prepared by the Meeting for Sufferings, and approved by the Yearly Meeting of London. A letter from a friend in England, received by the last steamer, contains the agreeable information, that this beloved Friend, accompanied by his brother Josiah, and Peter Bedford, has safely returned home from Belgium, the Hague, &c., where they have been satisfactorily engaged in the prosecution of this mission.

MARRIED, At Friends' Meeting, in Salem, Iowa, on the 25th ult., BRINTON DARLINGTON to AMELIA C. HALL, both of that place.

DIED,-On the 16th of last month, at her father's residence, in this city, ELIZABETH D., daughter of Uriah and Elizabeth Hunt, in the 12th year of her

age.

son, when about twelve years of age. My dear F.-Thou art often, very often, my beloved son, brought to my remembrance, with many anxious desires for thy present and everlasting well-being; and precious is the hope that I sometimes feel, that these blessings may be thy portion. Let it, therefore, be thy concern, from time to time, to seek unto Him, from whom all our blessings emanate, with earnest prayer, that He will be with thee, and lead and direct thee through the devious paths of this present life, to those eternal mansions which our Saviour has prepared for all who love and serve him. I wish, my precious child, to impress upon thy tender mind, that the ways of true religion, although circumspect, are not, as some suppose, either gloomy or unsocial; no-they are ways of pleasantness, and her paths lead to peace and happiness. By religion, I do not mean, this or that name of profession, but the great, yet simple duty which we all owe to God; and which also includes the duty which we owe to ourselves, and to each other. In whatever character we view the Almighty, his love to man is conspicuous as our Creator, who made us; our Father, who provides for us; our Saviour, who has paid the price of our redemption from sin and iniquity; our comforter,-that Holy Spirit who strengthens us to every good work, and enlightens every one that cometh into the world. This, then, is our God; let us love Him, for he first loved us; let us serve, honour, and obey Him; then shall we find that whether in health or in sickness, in joy or in grief, in riches or in poverty, whatever be our lot, we shall find, that all His dispensations will be sanctified, and in all, and through all, we shall be enabled to bless His holy name. my beloved boy should also remember that Satan, enemy of our souls' or by what other name the happiness may be called, is yet permitted to go to and fro through the earth, seeking whom he may deceive and destroy. His cunning is compared to the serpent, his rage to the roaring lion, and his hypocrisy and deceitfulness to the appearance of an angel of light: nevertheless, formidable as he is, and never to be trusted, the Lord hath said, "My grace is sufficient for thee"-and so it will be found, that in every time of trial, the grace of God bringeth salvation to those who sincerely seek him. Remember, my dear F., that every temptation to sin, is, at first, but as a seed in the heart of fallen man (by nature prone to evil)

But

which nevertheless, is not imputed to us as sin, | strong to subdue sin and win to Christ; I will

pray; I will watch; I will strive; I will cast all
my cares on Thee; I will try to believe, and Thou
wilt help me. In the time of trouble and tempta-
tion I will cast my eye upwards, and Thou wilt
deliver. Yes, there is hope, for thy word de-
ceiveth not. I will pray for this grace. It has
appeared-it will appear. It may be Thou
wouldst try and prove me. O, Lord! leave me
not, for without thee I shall fall.
In the hope
of the everlasting gospel, I commend myself to
our God and Saviour Jesus Christ, and to the
word of his grace. May my trust be ever placed
on Him alone!"

Not long after, and a short time before his decease, in closing a letter to one of his friends, he says: "Now, farewell! As a playmate of my boyhood, companion of my youth, and friend of my early age, so forever be! Thy Frederic hails thee! And again farewell!"-F. J. P.

until we join in with it-it is no sin to be tempted; if, however, we suffer this work of the enemy to take root, and bring forth fruit, we then become partakers, and are defiled thereby. (Read James i. 12-15.) It is, therefore, of the highest importance, that we resist the first attempts of the adversary. When the temptation is weak, it may be more easily overcome, and if resisted in time, a way will be made for our escape. If we keep a single eye to the good spirit in our minds, which helpeth our infirmities, we shall be safe in the hour of temptation; and exclaiming like pious Joseph, "How can I do this thing and sin against God?" the tempter will flee from us. I have written what has arisen in my affectionate heart, at this time, to say to my dear boy;-far, however, from a wish, to abate one jot or one tittle of those innocent recreations which thou art now pursuing. No-religion, as I believe, does not prohibit pleasure, although it circumscribes us in the pursuit of it; nevertheless, the more refined our pleasures are in their nature, the more shall we enjoy them. All gross pleasures are, to the mind, what gross appetites are to the This well known fowl, from its name, may be body; if indulged in, they always enervate, and supposed to be a native of Europe or Asia. But ultimately bring disease and death. Pleasure is we have ample reason for believing that however to business, what sauce is to meat-to give it a the name may have been acquired, the fowl is a relish: 'tis not the food of life. The great busi-native of the New world, and totally unknown ness of life is not what the world calls pleasure. to the Europeans until the discovery of America. Let our pleasure be, to do the will of Him who The following notices are extracted from Brodehas placed us here for the purpose of His own rip's Zoological Recreations. glory, which is our true happiness. pleased with thy letter, it contains much information which was new to me. Thou didst quite right in returning Lord Byron's work. I have not read it myself; but from what I hear of it, I think it may very well be spared from our

libraries.

I am

Thy affectionately interested father, J. P. Some remarks in his diary when about 14 years of age, after having been sick.

From the Diary of Frederick James Post.

THE TURKEY.

Mexico was discovered by Grijalva in the year 1518, and we soon after find a description of the turkey as one of the productions of the country by Gomara and Hernandez, the latter of whom gives its Mexican name "Huexolotl," and makes mention of the wild birds as well as the tame. Oviedo, whose work was published at Toledo in 1526, describes the turkey well as a kind of peato the islands and the Spanish Main, and was cock of New Spain which had been carried over about the houses of the Christian inhabitants; "The last Sabbath in the year 1834. In so that it is evident that, when Oviedo wrote, the looking back, many, very many, pleasant hours bird had been domesticated. Heresbach states has it contained. How many sources of enjoy- that they were brought into Germany about ment have opened to me! Even to the end, mercy 1530, and Barnaby Googe (1614) declares that has abounded. This visitation, I believe, if pro- "those outlandish birds called ginny-cocks and perly improved, though not at the time joyous, turkey-cocks, before the year of our Lord 1530 may produce good fruit: yet, situated as I am were not seen with us." But Barnaby had withnow-shut out from all pleasures which are not out doubt Heresbach's book before him when he to be found at home-I spend in my study many wrote; and, indeed, the observations of the Gerhappy hours, and have pleasures which they know man author may be traced throughout the pages nothing of, who do not look within themselves." of the English author on husbandry. 12th mo. 31.-Farewell to the year 1834! The pleasures, the sorrows, crowded into that little space all are gone! If thou, Lord, shouldst mark iniquities, who shall stand? But there is forgiveness with thee, that thou mayst be feared.

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Pierre Gilles, in his additions to Ælian (1535,) gives a most accurate description of the turkey, as being then in Europe. Pierre had not at that time been farther from his native country than Venice, and he says that he had seen it, and that it was brought from the New World.

In 1541 we find a constitution of Archbishop Cranmer directing that of such large fowls as cranes, swans, and turkey cocks, there should be

but one dish; and we find the bird mentioned as | under my care, it having been caught by me no great rarity at the inauguration dinner of the serjeants-at-law in 1555.

We know that in 1573, they had become so common in England that they formed part of the usual Christmas fare at a farmer's table. Tusser in his "Five Hundred Points of Good Husbandry," remarks this, and also that they are illneighbours to peason and hops. Hakluyt, in 1582, mentions "turkey-cocks and hennes" as having been brought into England about fifty years past.

when probably not more than two or three days old. It became so tame that it would follow any person who called it, and was the favourite of the little village. Yet it would never roost with the tame turkeys, but regularly betook itself at night to the roof of the house, where it remained until dawn. When two years old it began to fly to the woods, where it remained for a considerable part of the day, to return to the enclosure as night approached. It continued this practice until the following spring, when I saw it several Upon the whole evidence, a verdict may, in times fly from its roosting-place to the top of a our opinion, be given in favour of the Spaniards high cotton-tree, on the bank of the Ohio, from as the importers of this great addition to our which, after resting a little, it would sail to the poultry-yards; and we think that its introduction opposite shore, the river being there nearly half into this country must have taken place about the a mile wide, and return towards night. One year 1530, and into other parts of Europe very morning I saw it fly off, at a very early hour, to nearly at the same time. Pennant, indeed, says, the woods, in another direction, and took no par"It was first seen in France in the reign of Fran- ticular notice of the circumstance. Several days cis I., and in England in that of Henry VIII. elapsed, but the bird did not return. I was going By the date of the reign of these monarchs the towards some lakes near Green River, to shoot, first birds of this kind must have been brought when, having walked about five miles, I saw a from Mexico, whose conquest was completed fine large gobbler cross the path before me, moving A. D. 1521, the short-lived colony of the French leisurely along. Turkeys being then in prime in Florida not being attempted before 1562, nor condition for the table, I ordered my dog to chase our more successful one in Virginia till 1585, it and put it up. The animal went off with great when both these monarchs were in their graves." rapidity, and, as it approached the turkey, I saw, "The wild turkey has been found native from with surprise, that the latter paid little attention. the north-western territory of the United States Juno was on the point of seizing it, when she to the Isthmus of Panama. Towards the north, suddenly stopped, and turned her head towards Canada appears to be the limit of its range; but me. I hastened to them, but you may easily confrom this country, as well as from the more dense-ceive my surprise when I saw my own favorite ly peopled parts of the American Union, where it bird, and discovered that it had recognised the dog, was once extremely abundant, it is gradually dis- and, would not fly from it; although the sight of appearing before the encroachments of the lord a strange dog would have caused it to run off at of creation. To the west, the Rocky Mountains once. A friend of mine happening to be in seem to form a barrier that it has never passed, search of a wounded deer, took the bird on his if, indeed, it has reached them; but the wooded saddle before him, and carried it home for me. districts of the western States are still plentifully The following spring it was accidently shot, supplied with this valuable game, which there having been taken for a wild bird, and brought forms an important part of the subsistence of the to me on being recognised by the red riband which hunter and the traveller. In the north-eastern it had around its neck. Pray, reader, by what States it is now become extremely rare although word will you designate the recognition made by it is still occasionally found in the mountainous my favourite turkey of a dog which had been parts of New Jersey and Pennsylvania; while in long associated with it in the yard and grounds? the South, Florida, Georgia, and the Carolinas, Was it the result of instinct or of reason—an where, three centuries ago, it was most plentiful, unconsciously revived impression, or the act of have still a small supply.' an intelligent mind?"

HOUSES OF REFUGE.

The varied plumage of the bird in the domesticated state is well known to every one; and in no species is that sure mark of subjection to man more strongly seen. Every gradation of colour, The twenty-first annual report of the managers from its original bronze, passing into buff, and, of the Philadelphia House of Refuge, has recently in many instances, into pure white, may be observed in these strutting denizens of our farm-made its appearance. From this report, which yards.

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contains many judicious observations, a few extracts are submitted to the readers of the Review. The original design of such institutions is declared to be, "not to inflict a penalty but to interpose a shield-not to bring suffering upon the guilty, but to supply instruction, wholesome dis

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