moist sites. Where desired and clearly practicable aspen stands may be mapped as young age classes of the type comprising the coniferous understory. District 2.-The type may or may not have an understory of Engelmann spruce, alpine fir, Douglas fir, or yellow pine. District 3.-The type has generally an understory of Engelmann spruce, cork-bark fir, and alpine fir, indicating an Engelmann spruce permanent type, or Douglas fir and white fir, indicating a Douglas fir or a fir permanent type. District 4-The type may or may not have an understory of Douglas fir, white fir, and Engelmann spruce. Bottomland Hardwoods. District 6. A stand consisting largely (usually 80 per cent or more) of any one or a mixture of the following species: Alder, black cottonwoods, broadleaf maple, Oregon ash. It is usually found on bottom lands or moist slopes at low elevations in western Oregon and Washington, where it is often a temporary type which is ultimately replaced by a coniferous forest. Jack Pine. District 2 (Lake States). A stand containing approximately 50 per cent or more of jack pine, occasionally mixed with Norway pine and often with a number of species of scrubby oaks. On the driest, sandiest soils. Norway Pine. District 2 (Lake States). A stand containing approximately 50 per cent or more of Norway pine, sometimes mixed with jack pine, white pine, hemlock, and several species of oak. On dry, sandy soils, slightly better than those characteristic of the jack-pine type. White Pine. District 2 (Lake States). A stand containing approximately 50 per cent or more of white pine, often mixed with Norway pine, hemlock, and a number of hardwood species. Usually on moderately moist, well-drained soil of better quality than that characteristic of the red-pine type. Scrub Oak. District 2 (Lake States). A stand containing a mixture of scrubby red, black, and scarlet oaks, with an occasional white oak, and some jack pine. Usually on sandy soil intermediate between that characteristic of the jack-pine and Norway-pine types. Birch-Beech-Maple. District 2 (Lake States). A stand composed chiefly of yellow birch, beech, sugar maple, and occasionally white elm, basswood, white oak, and conifers. On good or moderately good soils. White Spruce. District 2 (Lake States and Black Hills). A stand containing approximately 50 per cent or more of white spruce. In the Black Hills it is usually nearly pure, while in the Lake States it is usually mixed with balsam fir, arborvitæ, tamarack, and occasionally black spruce, and white pine. Usually on wet soils, but with good drainage. Arborvitæ. District 2 (Lake States). A stand containing approximately 80 per cent or more of arbor vitæ (T. occidentalis), sometimes mixed with tamarack or black spruce. Usually in shallow swamps on good soil without peat. Tamarack-Spruce. District 2 (Lake States). A stand containing approximately 80 per cent or more of tamarack or black spruce, either in combination or singly, ocea sionally with some arborvitæ or balsam fir. Usually in distinct swamps, often with some peat. Longleaf Pine. District 7. A stand containing approximately 80 per cent or more of longleaf pine, sometimes mixed with Cuban pine and with an undergrowth of turkey, blackjack, and live oaks. sandier soils. On the drier. Titi. District 7. Dense, junglelike swamps along the streams; composed of a great variety of species, all of which, except titi (Cliftonia monophylla), occur only scatteringly. Shortleaf Pine. District 7. A stand containing approximately 50 per cent or more of shortleaf pine, sometimes pure, but more often in mixture with various oaks and other hardwoods. Usually on the drier slopes. White Oak. District 7 (Arkansas). A stand composed chiefly of a varying mixture of white oak, red oak, post oak, black oak, hickory, black locust, black walnut, black gum, black cherry, beech, cottonwood, ash, willow, etc., and containing less than approximately 50 per cent of shortleaf pine. In nearly all situations, bottom, slope, and ridge. White oak is the key tree and predominates in most places. |