to purchase and pay for millions of pounds, in value, of commodities of an order greatly higher than that of those now furnished by hospital managers and poor-law guardians? An army of working Englishmen, 100,000 in number, employed in introducing machinery of every kind into India, and in teaching Hindoos its proper management, would of themselves make larger demand for the products of British industry than now is made by the 150,000,000 of Hindostan. Further than this, they would speedily treble the productive power of that country, thereby enabling its people not only to purchase largely of British products of the higher order, but also so to increase their contributions for the support of government as to free those of England from all necessity for continuing participants in the crime involved in maintenance of the opium trade; productive, as it has already been, of a demoralization compared with which all the damage to the cause of civilization resulting from the invasions of Alaric and Attila combined, sinks into utter insignificance.* Let them next apply the same idea to Canada, Australia, Spanish America, and ask themselves what would be the effect of an annual demand for hundreds of thousands of men and women capable of instructing those already there in the various

* The rapid resuscitation of France in the last twelve months furnishes proof conclusive of the triviality of damage caused by the soldier, compared with that inflicted by the trader with hundreds of millions of nonconsuming laborers at his command. The one limits himself to destruction of the flowers and fruits of the societary tree; whereas the other tears up its roots.

industries, agricultural, mining, chemical, and mechanical, suited to the circumstances in which those countries now are placed? Would it not clear the way at home for thousands and tens of thousands of "proletaires," capable of filling positions higher than those now open to them? Would it not produce a desire for education such as now has no existence? Would it not make large demand for the peculiar faculties of the weaker sex? Would not, at every step, the weak of body find themselves coming more and more to an equality with the lithe and active? Would not men and women more and more be enabled, profitably to themselves and to all around them, to unite together for carrying into effect the great command which requires that the earth become more fully peopled? Would not such a course of action speedily bring to a close that infamous slave-trade now so abounding throughout the South Pacific, and so destructive of all moral feeling among British colonists? Would not every step in these directions be attended with growth of that feeling of self-respect which would induce the practice of temperance in all things, and especially in the consumption of intoxicating liquors? Would not then the Malthusian theory be dismissed to take its place among the thousands of other absurdities by means of which the growth of real civilization has been so much retarded?* Assuredly it would, and as assuredly

* Since the re-adoption by the United States of the resistant policy, the demand made by them on the population of Continental Europe has

would the eyes of those who control the movements of Britain's non-consuming army be opened to the facts, that the course hitherto pursued had been a mistake destined, perhaps, to prove a fatal one; that the results thus far obtained had been those of poverty and demoralization at home and abroad; and, that at every stage of progress their countrymen and themselves had been more and more tending in the direction indicated by Macaulay in the passage already placed before the reader.*

To the end that his anticipations may not be realized it is essential that men of influence begin to appreciate the facts, that the harmony of interests among communities is as complete as is that among individuals of which they are composed; and that failure to respect the rights of the weak, such as is now exhibited throughout the Asiatic world, furnishes proof conclusive of the absence, within themselves, of that feeling of self-respect to which alone can we look for evidence of advancing civilization.†

assumed such large proportions as to have compelled several of the powers to study carefully the measures required for inducing their people to remain at home. No where in Europe was the Malthusian theory more fully accepted than in Germany. (See ante, note to p. 187.) No where is its refutation becoming more complete.

*See note to page 273, ante.

"Men, habitually starved in mind or in body, are not the stuff out of which to make either good saints or good subjects."-Freeland.

Describing the present unhappy condition of France, the Athenæum (London, May 26) has just now told its readers that "centralization with cold palsy at its extremities, and frequent attacks of apoplexy at the head, has been there set up as the only beau ideal of government." Describing the present position of England, the same precise words might here be used; with the addition, that the beau ideal of trading centralization is as

§ 10. To the "positive knowledge of the uncultured" we are required to look for the foundation of every rational "theory of science," and "of the relations of its parts to each other." So is it everywhere, the base of operations for the development of both mind and morals being found among the mass and not among the few by whom that mass is to so great

much more productive of physical, mental, and moral deterioration, as is the British army which counts by hundreds of millions more powerful for evil than that French one which counts by hundreds of thousands.

Seeking evidence of this, the reader may here advantageously study some facts in regard to Orissa, that scene of perpetually recurring famines in which men perish almost by millions, derived from the new volume (London, 1872) of Hunter's Annals of Rural Bengal, as follows:

Situated directly on the Bay of Bengal, Orissa has been a chief seat of the salt manufacture, but so heavy are the salt duties (see ante, note to p. 82) that its peasantry "consume great quantities of fish imperfectly dried in the sun, and more or less rotten. The decomposing mass is stored up in baskets, and sparingly doled out to the household as the only dish they can afford to their monotonous rice diet. The estuaries

of the great Orissa delta yield an endless supply of fish; and all that is wanting to give to the people a great additional security against famine is the means by which the fish may be kept for eating throughout the year.”

Further than this, the Mahanadi, one of its rivers, is the natural channel through which the rural products of Central India should be sent to the coast to be exchanged, but the salt duty of Bengal and Orissa so greatly exceeds that of Madras, that, as we are here informed, "the peasants of inner India find it cheaper to send their goods by a long and costly land route to the Madras district of Ganjam than to float them down the Mahanadi to Cuttack on the Orissa side of the customs line. . . It is as if we had thrown a wall across one of the finest trade routes in the world. Our salt duty just as effectually blockades the Mahanadi as if we had filled it up with rocks."-This is what is now known as free trade; a trade that imposes measureless restrictions on a domestic commerce that under other circumstances would count by thousands of millions, while refusing to permit the adoption of any measures of protection against that grand army of non-consuming laborers to which India stands indebted for the annihilation of a cotton manufacture whose history, as so well is known, “involved no less than a description of the lives of half the people of Hindostan."

WORK was

an extent controlled. Charlemagne labored assiduously for the advancement of civilization, but his institutions found no soil in which they might take root and be matured. Watt and Howe, inventors of the steam-engine and the sewing-machine, have done more for the advancement of mankind than has been done by all the sovereigns by whom the mighty emperor has been succeeded. In the brain and the heart of lowly men, wheresoever found, exist the germs of all those qualities, mental and moral, by which man is distinguished from the brute. That they might be developed in all their strength and beauty the thrice-blessed GoSPEL OF was instituted; and it is to those who aid in its dissemination that mankind is to be indebted for every advance that may be made in the direction of promoting the establishment of that independence on one hand and inter-dependence on the other, among both individuals and nations, which tends to bring about a reign of peace throughout the earth. The more the tendency in that direction the more are the physically weak and the physically strong brought to stand on a level with each other; each and all becoming from hour to hour more dependent on the kindly feelings of each and every other, as they, each and all, grow in independence and in power; standing before the world as controllers of the great natural forces; capable of perfect self-control; and animated always by a feeling of self-respect.