engineer, the compositor, pressman, writer, editor, and proprietor, and finally the boys by whom they are distributed; this exchange of services going on from day to day throughout the year, each contributor to the work receiving his share of the pay, and each reader of the paper receiving his share of the work.

To have motion there must be heat, and the greater the latter the more rapid will be the former, as is seen in the rapidity with which, in the tropical regions, water is decomposed and returned again in the form of rain; and in the rapid growth and development of their vegetable products. Vital heat is the result of chemical action, the fuel being food, and the solvent some of those juices which result from its consumption. The more rapid the process of digestion the more healthful and perfect is the motion of the machine. Social heat results from combination, and that the latter may be produced there must be difference. says a writer heretofore referred to, "a simple difference, be it of matter, be it of condition, be it of position, excites a manifestation of vital forces, a mutual exchange of relations between the bodies, each giving to the other what the other does not possess the picture thus presented of the movements of the material world being just as true in reference to the social one.

66

Everywhere,"

The more instantly the consumption of either ma

* Guyot. Earth and Man, p. 71.

terial or intellectual food follows its production the greater will be the heat that must result, and the more rapid the increase of power to replace the quantity consumed. That consumption may so follow there must be association, and that there cannot be without variety in the modes of employment. That such is the fact will be obvious to all who see how rapid is the spread of ideas in those countries in which agriculture, manufactures, and commerce are combined, compared with that observed in those which are purely agricultural-Ireland, India, the West Indies, Turkey, Portugal, Brazil, and others. Nowhere, however, is the difference more strongly marked than in the Northern States of the Union as compared with those of the South. In the one there is great heat and corresponding motion, and the more motion the greater is the force. In the other there is little heat, but little motion, and very little force.

Progress requires motion. Motion comes with heat, and heat results from association. Association brings with it individuality, freedom, and responsibility, each aiding in the development of the other while profiting by the help received from them.

§ 6. The laws here given are those which govern matter in all its forms, whether of coal, clay, iron, pebble stones, trees, oxen, horses, or men. If true of communities they must be equally so of each and every of its members, as are those relating to the atmosphere at large in reference to all the atoms of which it is composed. That they are so will be ob

vious to every reader who reflects to how great an extent he profits, physically and intellectually, by association with his fellow-men; and that the severest of all punishments is universally recognized as being deprivation of the intercourse he is accustomed to obtain by means of that association. Further reflection will satisfy him that the more perfect his individuality-the greater his material or intellectual wealth-the more perfect is his power to determine for himself what shall be the extent of his association with his neighbor men. Again, he will see that his responsibility for his actions increases in the ratio of the increase of power to determine for himself what shall be his course in life; that if he be poor and perishing far want of food he cannot be held to the same rigid responsibility that might with propriety be exacted were he in affluent circumstances. Lastly, he will be satisfied that his power of progress is in the direct ratio of his ability to combine his efforts with those of his fellow-men; and that, materially and intellectually, the power of production tends to increase with every increase in that demand for either commodities or ideas which results necessarily from an increased ability of others to furnish commodities or ideas in exchange therefor.

Were the reader now to ask himself to what it was that he had been indebted for being the man he is, his answer would be that it had been to his power of association with his fellow-men of the present, and with those of the past who had left behind

the records of their experience. Extending his inquiry with a view to determine what it was of which he would least desire to be deprived, he would find that it was the power of association. Next, and only second to that, he would desire perfect power of self-direction, determining when, how, and with whom he would labor, and what disposition he should make of the product. Deprived of that, he would feel himself an irresponsible being. With it, knowing that it depended upon himself what should be his future, he would feel responsible for the proper use of the advantages that he possessed, and would have every inducement so to strengthen his faculties as to qualify himself for rising in the world and for providing for his wife and children; and every step in this direction would be but the preparation for further progress.

Social science treats of man in his efforts for the maintenance and improvement of his condition, and may now be defined as being the science of the laws which govern man in his efforts to secure for himself the highest individuality, and the greatest power of association with his fellow-men.

CHAPTER IV.

OF THE PHYSICAL AND SOCIAL LAWS.

§ 1. IN the decade just now completed the accumulated contributions of leading physicists have gone so far toward demonstration of the doctrine of the correlation and conservation of the forces known in their several distinctive manifestations as heat, light, electricity, magnetism, and chemical affinity, that it may now be regarded as entirely established. The new philosophy resolves all these subtle agencies into modes of motion, asserting that they are all capable of mutual conversion; that they are one and the same force, differing only in its manifestations and effects; that their various mutations are rigidly subjected to the laws of quantity; that the force of the form assumed is the precise equivalent of that which disappears; and, therefore, that every manifestation of force must come from some pre-existing equivalent force, and must give rise to some subsequent and equal amount of force in another form. Originating with Count Rumford and Sir Humphrey Davy, this grand idea was left to be rounded into its present fulness and symmetry by a host of men of the present day, among whom may here be men