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thick substance which remains? How is it made into white sugar? What names does it then get? Why is it called lump sugar? What is sugar said to do?

MILK, BUTTER, AND CHEESE.

A-midst the many kinds of food which our Ma'ker has been pleased to pro-vide' for us, the milk of cows is one of the most pleas'-ant and most use'-ful. Al'-most all young persons like it, and noth'-ing is more whole'-some for them, wheth'-cr they take it by it-self', or eat it with bread or with por-ridge.

It is from milk that we get but'-ter and cheese. After it is taken from the cows it is put into large flat dish'-es, made of wood, or of tin, or of earthenware; and there it stands till the next day, when the cream, or oil-y part of the milk, is found to have come to the top. The cream is skimmed off and poured into a ves'-sel called a churn, where it is tossed and beaten a-bout', till lumps of but'-ter are formed. These are then taken out, washed well from the milk that may still be mixed with them, and put up in such a way as ei'-ther to be salt'-ed for winter stock, or car'-ried to mar-ket for sale. The liq'-uid sub'-stance that is left be-hind' in the churn is butter milk, which is also called churned milk, and some'-times, from its being a little acid, is called sour milk.

It is

Cheese is made ei'-ther of new milk or of skimmed milk. The milk is made some'-what warm. then cur-dled by some sour sub'-stance; and for

this pur-pose a sub'-stance named ren'-net, which is made of a calf's stom'-ach, is chief'-ly used. The curds are then squeezed, so as to be freed from the thin liq-uor called whey, and when made as dry as they can be by the hand, have some salt mixed with them; and in this state they are put into a cheese press, by means of which, they are made firm and sol'-id. After being kept there a cer-tain time they be-come' cheese; and the cheese as-sumes' the form or shape of the ves'-sel in which the curds were, when put into the cheese press. The cheese hav'ing been placed on a shelf to dry, is then read'-y for being taken to mar-ket, or for being eaten.

In Eng-land, the butter milk and the whey are most'-ly used to feed pigs; but in Scot'-land, thōugh some'-times used in the same way, they are thought of too much val'-ue to be mere'-ly given to the pigs; they are used for food by boys and girls, and also grown up people; and are found not only pleas'-ant to the taste, but also good for the health.

EXERCISES. Where is the milk put after it is taken from the cows? What is done with the cream? What is the liquid substance that is left behind in the churn called? Of what is cheese made? How is milk curdled? Of what is rennet made? What is whey? What form does the cheese assume What is done with the whey and butter milk in England? What is done with them in Scotland?

CORN.

In al'-most every re'-gion of the earth corn is to be found, of one spe'-cies or an-oth'-er,-even in the val'-leys of the north, thōugh sur-round'-ed by bleak

and snōw'-y moun'-tains. This plant, which is the prin'-ci-pal sup-port' of hu'-man life, is formed for grow'-ing in all sit-u-a'-tions, from the Line to the very borders of the Frozen O'-cean. One spe'-cies is a-dapt'-ed to the hu'-mid pla'-ces of warm countries, as the rice of A'-si-a, which grows in vast a-bun'dance in the mud'-dy swamps of the Gan'-ges. Other kinds of corn thrive on hot and dry land, as the mil'-let of Af'-ri-ca and the maize of Bra-zil'. In our own cli'-mate, wheat a-grees' with a strong clay soil, rye with a san'-dy or grav'-el-ly one, oats with a coars'-er, and bar'-ley with a fi'-ner soil. Barley suc-ceeds' in the very bo'-som of the north. I have seen, says a wri'-ter, a-midst the rocks of Fin'-land, crops of this grain, as beau'-ti-ful as the plains of Pal'-es-tine ever pro-duced'.

It is wor'-thy of re-mark' too, that corn is produced' by plants which are neither too high nor too low for the hu'-man stat'-ure; but which are ea'-șily han'-dled and reaped. These plants grow up ev'-er-y year, and yield their har'-vest each re-turn'ing season. Were corn pro-duced' on for-ests of trees, and should these be de-stroyed' by war, or set on fire by our own im-pru'-dence, or rooted up by the winds, or rav'-aged by floods, it would require whole a'-ges to re-store' them, and man would be often left to starve.

Corn yields an am'-ple sup-ply' for the ne-ces'-sities of man. It gives him a whole'-some and pal'

at-a-ble food. He can ex-tract' from it a drink, refresh'-ing and nour'-ish-ing, when tem'-per-ate-ly used. It af-fords' grain for his pōul'-try, bran for his pigs, for-age and lit-ter for his cat-tle and hors'-es. With its straw he en-joys' the means of lod'-ging, of cov'-er-ing his cot'-tage, and keeping him-self' warm.

EXERCISES.-Where is corn to be found? Where does rice grow in vast abundance ? Where do millet and maize thrive? With what kind of soil does wheat agree? What soil suits_rye? Were corn produced on trees, what might happen to man? What can he extract from corn? What does it yield to man? What does he enjoy with its straw?

GOLD, SILVER, AND COPPER.

It is very

Gold is of a deep yel'-low col'-our. pret'-ty and bright. It is a great deal heav'-i-er than any thing else, ex-cept' plat'-i-num. Men dig it out of the ground. Shall I take my spade and get some ? No, there is none in the fields in this country: It comes from a great way off; and it lies deep'-er a great deal than you could dig with your spade. Sov'-er-eigns and half-sovereigns are made of gold. This watch is of gold ; and the look'ing-glass frame, and the pic-ture frames are gilt with gold. Here is some leaf gold. What is leaf gold? It is gold beat very thin; thin'-ner than

leaves of pa'-per.

Silver is white and shi'-ning. The spoons are silver; and the waiter is silver; and crowns, and

half-crowns, and shil'-lings and sixpences are made

of silver. Silver comes from a great way off too,— from South A-mer'-i-ca.

Copper is red. Half'-pence are made of copper; the ket'-tle and pots are made of copper; and brass is made of copper. Brass is bright yellow, like gold al'-most. This sauce'-pan is made of brass; and the locks upon the door, and this can'-dle-stick. What is this green sub'-stance upon the sauce'-pan? It is ver-di-gris; it would kill you if you were to eat it.

EXERCISES. Of what colour is gold? What things are made of it? What is leaf gold? What colour is silver? What things are made of silver? From what place does it come? What colour is copper ? What things are made of copper? Of what colour is brass? What would happen if you were to eat verdigris ?

IRON AND STEEL.

Go and ask the cook meat with-out' a spit. She says she cannot. and so are the tongs, Go and ask Dob'-bin

Iron is very hard. It is not pretty; but I do not know what we should do without it, for a great many things are made of it. wheth'-er she can roast her Well, what does she say? But the spit is made of iron; and the po'-ker, and shovel. if he can plough without the plough'-share. Well, what does he say? He says no, he cannot. the plough'-share is made of iron. Will iron melt in the fire? Put the po'-ker in and try. Well, is it melt'-ed? No; but it is red hot, and soft; it will bend. But I tell you, Charles, iron will melt in a very hot fire, when it has been in a great while. Come, let us go to the black'-smith's shop. What is

But

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