the supervisors acted is violative both of the State and the Federal Constitution.

The answer of the respondents contained among other points the following:

That during the year 1882 the petitioner, M. C. Butler, was a Senator, elected by the General Assembly of the State of South Carolina, pursuant to the law of said State; that at that time he was of full age and fully able as a man of intelligence and a lawyer by profession; that at that time he failed to make any objections to the passage of the said law, either directly or indirectly, and that since the passage of the act in 1882 the plaintiff herein has been twice elected by members of the General Assembly, who were elected by voters whose franchise was regulated by the reg istration law; that although the said law was passed in 1882, the plaintiff has accepted his election and office and the salary thereof with the full knowledge of the manner of his election, and has acquiesced in the regulation of the said franchise under the registration law so long as and while he was benefited thereby.

SOUTH DAKOTA, a Western State, admitted to the Union Nov. 3, 1889; area, 77,650 square miles; population, according to the census of 1890, 328,808. Capital, Pierre.

Government.-The following were the State officers during the year: Governor, Charles H. Sheldon, Republican; Lieutenant-Governor, Charles N. Herreid; Secretary of State, Thomas Thorson; Treasurer, W. W. Taylor; Auditor, J. E. Hipple; Attorney-General, Coe I. Crawford: Superintendent of Public Instruction, Cortez Salmon; Commissioner of School and Public Lands, Thomas H. Rath; Commissioner of Labor Statistics, Walter McKay; Railroad Commissioners, E. F. Conklin, H. C. Warner, John R. Brennan; Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, Dighton Corson; Associate Justices, Alphonso G. Kellam, Howard G. Fuller.

Finances. As official reports in Dakota are made biennially, the latest cover the period from July 1, 1892, to June 30, 1894, the fiscal year 1893 ending at the latter date. From the report of the Treasurer the following statement is taken : The general fund receipts for 1892 were $646,303.63; for 1893, $611,551.96; balance in treasury July 1, 1892, $39,684.46; total receipts, $1,297,540.05; disbursements for 1892, $558,855.77; for 1893, $553,835.87; total disbursements, $1,112,691.64; balance in treasury, July 1, 1894, $184,848.41. From the receipts must be deducted $400,000 for funding warrants sold and not entitled to be counted as revenue; and from the disbursements, $135,000 funding warrants paid which can not be counted an item of State expense. Total in treasury, including balances of other funds, July 1, 1894, $433.026.58.

From the Auditor's report the following statements are collected: The State began business Nov. 5, 1889, with $30,290.07 in the treasury. The first accounting was made to Nov. 30, 1890, at which time a deficiency of $89,947.12 was shown, to meet which bonds were issued to the limit allowed by the Constitution. During this period the Legislature held its first session. The second accounting, June 30, 1892, showed a deficiency of $95,315.54. The second session of the Legislature occurred before this time. On June 30, 1893, after the third session of the Legislature, a deficit of $99,565.44 was shown; this and the deficiency of the previous year made a total deficiency of $194,880.98. To meet

this the Board of Assessment and Equalization levied a 2-mill tax. Of this there had been collected up to July 1, 1894, the sum of $146,549.90. Of this amount $100,000 was paid into the general fund toward paying up funding warrants. In the year ending June 30, 1894, the receipts exceeded the expenditures by $1,934.85. The 30, 1894, was $220,000. amount of funding warrants outstanding June

The equalized valuation on which assessment for the fiscal year 1894 was made was $8,000,000 less than the year before. The assessed valuation of all property for 1892, as equalized by the Board of Assessment and Equalization, was $127,377,990; for 1893 $137,035,974; and for that pays tax direct to the State a levy of 32 1894, $126,868,344. For 1893, on all property mills was made. The average levy in the 52 organized counties of the State for State and county purposes is 15.73 mills. The amount of delinquent State taxes July 1, 1894, was $371.653.46.

Insurance.—The Auditor gives the following statistics for the insurance department, showing the business done for the year ending Dec. 31, 1893, by the foreign and home fire, life, and miscellaneous companies: Risks written in 1893, $46,574,562; premiums, $903,573.66; losses paid, $448,590.67.

School and Public Lands.—The following is from the Governor's message in January, 1895:

The State owned on Jan. 1, 1893, of common-school land 2,721,494-76 acres, of which there has been sold during the past two years 41,146-03 acres. Of these, 32,125.5 acres were sold in 1893 and 9,026:53 acres were sold in 1894. There has been sold since state

hood 143,0255 acres, amounting to $1,986,205,47; of this amount $1,391,107.98 remains as deferred payment upon which there was due in interest on the 1st day of this month $83,466.48. The 41.146-03 acres sold during the past two years brought $598.886.76, of which amount $155,645.24 was paid at the time of sale, leaving $443.241.52 as deferred payment. There has been received from the use of school lands during the past two years $52,128.04.

Besides the two sections of lands in each township of the State, South Dakota has 632,000 acres granted for other purposes. Of this amount 491,424 acres have been selected.

Business. There have been incorporated during the last two years under the laws of the State 378 domestic incorporations, 146 of which were for benevolent and charitable purposes and 232 for profit.

resources

During 1894 23 State banks were incorporated, 4 failed, and there were 4 voluntary liquidations. The bank on June 12, 1893, were $6,583,421; on June 12, 1894. $6,650,226. The average reserve held on the first date was 33 42 per cent., which is 18.98 per cent. more than the State law requires, and 23.98 per cent. more than is required of national banks.

Education. The Superintendent of Public Instruction reports for 1894 the number of persons of school age to be 105,175; the total enrollment in all schools, 90,855; the number of teachers employed, 4,982; the amount paid to teachers, $923,266: the number of schools, 3.454; receipts for maintenance of all schools, $2,233,427; disbursements for all schools, $1,792,124; indebtedness of all schools, $1,566,916, The main building of the University of Ver

million, which was burned in 1893, has been rebuilt by Clay County and the city of Vermillion, at an expense of $45,000. The student enrollment there for 1892-'93 was 310; for 1893-'94 it was 327. The other educational institutions of the State are also flourishing. The Governor's message supplies the following statistics: Enrollment at the Agricultural College, 243; appropriation for its support, $14,430.01; expenditures, $14,402.09; value of realty, $81,380; value of personalty, $25,902; Madison Normal School enrollment, 302; appropriation, $26,212.94; expenditures, $26,205.63; value of realty, $59,000; of personalty, $6,375; School of Mines enrollment, 30; appropriation, $20,800.18; expenditures, $13,464.84; value of realty, $22,125; of personalty, $14,258; Spearfish Normal School enrollment, 170; appropriation, $25,481.30; expenditures, $25,447.70; value of realty, $43,500; of personalty, $13,175; University realty is value, at $99,000; personalty, at $12,300.

The total value of State school property is about $377,000.

Reform School.-During the past two years the Board of Charities and Corrections has bought for the Reform School 320 acres of land, for which they agreed to pay $3,200; $1,000 has been paid out of the farm products which were sold. The institution now has 640 acres of good land. On June 30, 1894, it had in its charge 87 persons, 65 boys and 22 girls, an increase of 19 during the last two years. A shop has been erected, under an appropriation of $3,000, by the last Legislature. The total amount expended for 1892-'93 was $14,052.63; total for 1893-'94, $19,849.58.

School for Deaf Mutes.-This school expended in the past two years $26,684.48; of this, $12,387.77 was expended during 1893-'94, and $1,512.23 remained on hand at the end of the year. During the year there were 47 pupils in attendance, 29 boys and 18 girls.

For the maintenance and tuition of the blind an appropriation of $1,000 was made, of which sum $332.40 was paid for South Dakota pupils to the Iowa College for the Blind.

Insane Hospital.-For the fiscal year ending June 30, 1893, there was $69,875.64 available for the expenses of the insane aslyum at Yankton, and of this $68,020.73 was expended. For the next fiscal year $80,000 was appropriated, and of this $76,766.29 was expended. There were 311 patients in the hospital July 1, 1893, and 361 July 1, 1894. A new building has been constructed, of Sioux Falls stone, 50 feet square, with 2 stories above a high basement.

Soldiers' Home.-The cost of maintaining the home, the year was $24,725.19. Of this sum, $789.25 was required for the burial of soldiers and seamen.

Penitentiary.-The amount on hand for Penitentiary purposes July 1, 1892, was $20,733.97, and there was $9,119.24 additional appropriated. Of this, $28,689.03 was expended. For the fiscal year ending July 1, 1894, $32.966 was appropriated and $31,627.30 expended. There were 82 prisoners confined July 1, 1892, and 117 July 1, 1894. The repealing of the parole law by the last Legislature is considered a step backward. The attempt to make binding VOL. XXXIV.-46 A

twine in the Penitentiary has been abandoned. A piece of land containing 160 acres, convenient to the prison, has been paid for out of the prison earnings.

Irrigation. Since the drilling of the first artesian well at Aberdeen, in the winter of 1880 and 1881, 137 deep wells have been constructed in the State, 24 of which are public wells. Underlying a great part of the State is what is known as the artesian basin, with subterranean water in great volume.

A bounty of $958 was paid for trees planted during the year.

Fort Randall Reservation.-The State has formally accepted the Fort Randall military reservation. It was ceded to the State under the indemnity act by an amendment of the sundry civil appropriation bill passed March 3, 1893. This reservation comprises about 96,000 acres of farming and grazing lands in South Dakota and Nebraska, fully three fourths lying within the boundaries of this State. It has a river frontage of 27 miles.

Census Statistics.-The statistics of manufactures in South Dakota, taken from the census bureau report dated Feb. 20, 1894, are as follow: Number of establishments, 499; value of land, $322,855; of buildings, $512,142; of machinery, etc., $1,329,023; of live assets, $1,043,776; average number of employees, $2,422; total wages, $1,098,418; cost of materials used, $3,523,840; value of products, including receipts from custom work and repairing, $5,682,748.

Political.-The Republican Convention was held at Yankton, Aug. 23, 1894. The platform declared in favor of protection: of the use of gold and silver as money at a ratio of 16 to 1; and of legislation against trusts. It urged legislation against the immigration of paupers and criminals, and advocated liberality in the granting of pensions.

The Democratic Convention was held Sept. 5. 1894. The platform declared for free trade and for a coinage of gold and silver at such a ratio as will maintain the parity of the two metals. It demanded the enactment of laws to curb the extension and power of trusts; the election of United States Senators by a direct vote of the people, and liberality in the granting of pensions. It favored a law prohibiting Cabinet officers and all persons holding official positions in the national Legislature from holding any stocks, shares, or interest in any concerns affected by national legislation, and also a law prohibiting national or State officials from accepting a railway or sleeping-car pass.

At the election in November Republican, Democratic, Independent, and Prohibition candidates were voted for. The entire Republican ticket was elected, the Governor, LieutenantGovernor, Secretary of State, and Auditor being re-elected.

A proposed amendment to the State Constitution, giving women the right to vote for school officers, was rejected, as were also two other proposed amendments, one relating to the superintendent of schools, and one limiting exemptions.

SPAIN, a constitutional monarchy in southwestern Europe. The Cortes consists of 2 houses. The Senate has 180 members, 123 of whom are appointed for life and 57 are hereditary or of

ficial members, princes of the blood, grandees, and high public functionaries. The Congress consists of 432 Deputies chosen for five years by electoral colleges. The throne is hereditary in the family of Bourbon-Anjou, with preference to the male line. The present King is Alfonso XIII, born May 17, 1886, whose mother, Queen Maria Christina, acts as Regent until he shall arrive at the age of sixteen years.

The Council of Ministers, first constituted in December, 1892, was composed, in the beginning of 1894, as follows: President, Mateo Proxedes Sagasta; Minister of State, S. Moret, who succeeded the Marquis de Armijo in April, 1893; Minister of Justice, R. Capdepon; Minister of Finance, G. Gamazo; Minister of the Interior, Lopez Puigcerver; Minister of War, J. Lopez Domingues; Minister of Marine, M. Pasquin; Minister of Public Works, Agriculture, and Commerce, S. Moret; Minister of the Colonies, A. Maura.

Area and Population.-The area of Spain is 197,670 square miles. The population on Dec. 31, 1887, was 17,565,632; the legal population, 17.673,838, of whom 8,734,433 were males and 8,939,405 females. Madrid, the capital, had 470,283 inhabitants; Barcelona, 272,481; Valencia, 170,763; Seville, 143,182; Malaga, 134,016. Finances. The revenue for 1893-'94amounted to 715,267.204 pesetas, and the expenditure to 673,400,366 pesetas, giving a surplus of 41,866,838 pesetas. For the succeeding year the revenue was estimated at 744,593,223 pesetas, and the expenditure at 769,126,720 pesetas, leaving a deficit of 24,533,497 pesetas. The floating debt on May 1, 1894, amounted to 340,851,228 pesetas, having been increased to the extent of 172,510,228 pesetas during the ministry of Señor Sagasta. The funded debt on Jan. 1, 1893, was 5,962,043,090 pesetas, requiring for interest and sinking fund the annual payment of 271,150,858 pesetas. Commerce. The imports in 1892 had a total value of 850,531,000 pesetas or francs; exports, 759,504,000 pesetas. Some of the principal imports were: Cotton, 86,034,000 pesetas; coal, 50,489,000 pesetas; sugar, 45,232,000 pesetas; timber, 44,575,000 pesetas; machinery, 42,730,000 pesetas; tobacco, 31,829,000 pesetas; wheat, 27,761,000 pesetas ; codfish, 25,229,000 pesetas; iron, 25,163,000 pesetas; woolens, 19,547,000 pesetas. The values of some of the staple exports were: Wine, 142,838,000 pesetas; lead, 52,600,000 pesetas; iron, 43,197,000 pesetas; copper, 41,908,000 pesetas; cotton cloths, 40,233,000 pesetas; shoes, 25,696,000 pesetas; cork, 25,015,000 pesetas; raisins, 18,641,000 pesetas; olive oil, 15,081,000 pesetas: oranges, 14,260,000 pesetas. Of the total value of imports, 231,400.000 pesetas were from France, 197.000,000 pesetas from Great Britain, and 192,400,000 pesetas from American countries; while of the exports, 259,300,000 pesetas went to France, 208,400,000 to America, and 177,300,000 to Great Britain.

Communications.-The railroads have a total length of 18,803 kilometres, all belonging to companies subsidized by the Government.

The post office in 1892 forwarded in the internal service 80,433,000 letters, 414,000 postal cards, 46,970.000 newspapers and circulars, and registered letters of the value of 139,769,000 francs; in the foreign service, 22,366,000 letters,

401,000 postal cards, 18,657,000 papers and circulars, and 28,459,000 francs of money. The expenses were 15,026,267 franes.

The telegraphs in 1892 had a length of 29,386 kilometres, with 66,250 kilometres of wire. The number of dispatches was 3,544,361 for the interior and 1,153,067 in the international service. The receipts were 6,988,399 pesetas; expenses, 5,913,397 pesetas.

The Army and Navy. The peace strength of the army in 1893 was 9,315 officers and 70,829 men, with 14,655 horses and mules and 396 field guns. The army is being equipped with Mauser rifles and carbines made in Germany. The peace effective was raised in 1894 to 82,000 men, owing to the operations on the coast of Morocco. The war strength after the new organization has been completed will be from 250,000 to 300,000 men.

The navy consists of 1 turret ship, the "Pelayo," 5 armored cruisers of modern design, 2 old ironclad frigates, 1 monitor, 15 unarmored cruisers, 3 frigates, 5 torpedo gunboats, 1 torpedo-catcher, 33 gunboats, 14 sloop gunboats, 1 vessel for the service of the mines, 13 torpedo boats, and a torpedo depot vessel. There have been built at Bilbao 3 new belted cruisers, the first of which, the "Infanta Maria Theresa," launched in the autumn of 1893, and the "Vizcaya," launched in the summer of 1894, developed a speed of 18-6 knots with natural draught.

Session of the Cortes.-Before the Cortes met, a reconstruction of the Cabinet was thought necessary. The Minister of Finance encountered opposition to his arrangements with the railroad companies and in regard to the proposed duty on wines. The protest of the people of Navarre against the collection of the taxes imposed upon them in disregard of their ancient privileges caused dissension in the Cabinet, which was divided also on the question of granting an autonomous legislature to Cuba. On March 12 a new Cabinet was constituted, in which the Premier and the Ministers of Foreign Affairs, War, Marine, and Justice retained their portfolios. Señor Amos Salvador succeeded Señor Gamazo as Minister of Finance, with the understanding that he should follow out in the main the policy of the retiring minister. Señor Groizard took the portfolio of Public Works. Señor Aguilera became Minister of the Interior. Señor Becerra took the portfolio from Señor Maura, who insisted on resigning because of the opposition of the majority to his bill for granting home rule to Cuba. The Cortes assembled on April 4. The Minister of Justice brought in a bill for the repression of anarchism, which makes death or penal servitude for life the punishment for attempts against persons or buildings with explosives when loss of life or wounding results, and also when explosives are placed in buildings or inhabited places where injury to persons might result. Various terms of penal servitude are prescribed for other classes of outrages. Persons found to have explosives in their possession for which they can not satisfactorily account are declared guilty of a felony, and it is one to sell substances to be used in the manufacture of explosives with a criminal object. The propaganda or glorification of criminal outrages is made punishable with severe sentences of imprisonment, and if the accused are accom