principally of a central, triangular, open area, -a street extending 210 yards north-eastward from the central area to the bridge across the Blackwater, a street extending 60 yards eastward from the central area to the bridge across the Boyne, a street extending 500 yards south-south-eastward from the central area, in a line near the margin of the Boyne, and parrallel with its course, a street extending 900 yards south-westward from the central area, along the road to Trim, and forking, near its end, into the road also to Athboy, a street extending northwestward and south-eastward, intersecting the middle of the preceding street at right angles, and leading out north-westward along the road to Kells, and two irregular clusters of houses, the one leading out to the barrack, and the other straddling round the church and the Roman Catholic chapel. The eastern section of the town is the Athlumney division, and is often called Athlumney; the northwestern section is quite modern, constitutes the Donaghmore division, and frequently bears the name of Polbwee; and the south-western section tonstitutes Navan-Proper, in the parish of Navan, and contains all the town's distinctive features. The houses of the principal streets are very irregularly built; those of the subordinate streets are very poor dwellings; and those in the town's outskirts are miserable huts. Trade.]-Navan, in consequence of the opening of the Boyne navigation hence to Drogheda, has become a place of considerable trade, and may be considered as in a steadily prosperous condition. Its advantageous situation in the centre of a great and rich agricultural country, commands for it a very extensive trade in farm produce; and its abundant supply of fresh water, and profusion of available waterpower, cause it to figure largely in the flour trade. Among the mills and manufactures either in the town itself or in its immediate vicinity, are five corn-mills, two paper-mills, two distilleries, one tannery, and various appliances for brewing, for spinning, for frieze-making, and for sacking manufacture. Weekly markets are held on Wednesday and Saturday; and fairs are held on the third Monday of Jan., Easter-Monday, Trinity-Monday, the fourth Monday of July, the second Monday of Sept., the fourth Monday of Oct., and the first Monday of Dec. Navan is the diverging point of the lines of proposed railway from Dublin toward respectively Enniskillen and Armagh; and it possesses an abundance of public conveyances. In 1841, the Navan Loan Fund had a capital of £1,504, circulated £7,795 in 1,854 loans, cleared a nett profit of £28 8s. 10d., and expended for charitable purposes £10. Poor-law Union.]-The Navan Poor-law union ranks as the 50th, and was declared on June 25, 1839. It lies wholly in co. Meath, and comprehends an area of 93,327 acres, which contained, in 1831, a pop. of 34,482. Its electoral divisions, together with their respective pop. in 1831, are Navan, 9,799; Ardbraccan, 4,744; Bective, 1,041; Tara, 1,550; Ardmulcan, 1,459; Kentstown, 1,475; Painestown, 2,170; Donaghpatrick, 2,882; Castletown, 3,042; Rathkenny, 1,995; Stockallen, 1,825; and Slane, 2,500. The number of elected guardians is 21, and of ex-officio guardians is 7; and of the former, 5 are chosen by the division of Navan, 3 by Ardbraccan, 2 each by Painestown, Donaghpatrick, and Castletown, and I by each of the other divisions. The following are the baronies whole or part of which lie within the union, together with the number of valued tenements in each: Lower Deece, 16; Lower Duleek, 586; Upper Kells, 93; Morgallion, 978; Lower Navan, 2,668; Upper Navan, 106; Skreen, 967; and Upper Slane, 1,178. The total number of tenements valued is 6,592; and of these, 4,262 were valued under £5,-690, under £10,— 380, under £15,-222, under £20,-186, under £25, -98, under £30,-172, under 40,-85, under £50, Public Buildings.]-An abbey for regular canons was founded at Navan, in the 12th century, by the family of Nangle; and in the 31st year of Henry VIII., it was surrendered to the Crown. In 1488, Richard Nangle or D'Angulo, the abbot of this establishment, took part with other ecclesiastics in the rebellious attempt to place Lambert Simnel on the throne; and he received from Henry VII. a pardon for his offence. Athlumney-castle, in the southeastern outskirts of the Athlumney suburb, exhibits the extensive and picturesque ruins of a spacious mansion, in the style of domestic architecture which prevailed in the 17th century, combined with the harsher vestiges of a fortified building. A mound and the ruins of Athlumney church are situated in the vicinity of the castle. A remarkably high and extensive moat occurs in the western vicinity of Navan, of a mile west of the confluence of the Blackwater with the Boyne, and commands a good view of the town, and of the circumjacent expanse of rich and beautiful country. The parish-church is a commodious structure, situated on the west side of the street which extends near the Boyne, and parallel with its course. The Roman Catholic and 494, at and above £50. The total nett annual chapel is a very spacious Grecian structure, 170 yards value of the property rated is £111,157 8s. 4d.; the west of the parish-church. The barrack occupies total number of persons rated is 6,592; and of these, the site of the quondam abbey, on the right bank of 3,168 were rated at a valuation not exceeding £1,— the Blackwater. The bride well possesses the usual 1,164, not exceeding £2,-506, not exceeding £3, accommodation, and is kept in a clean and orderly-272, not exceeding £4,-and 207, not exceeding condition; and its keeper receives a salary of £40. The court-house and the market-house present no particular feature. The infirmary for the county of Meath is situated at Navan; and, in 1839-40, it received £3 3s. from subscription, £642 18s. 9d. from public grants, and £14 18s. from other sources, expended £221 16s. 10d. in salaries to medical officers, £177 6s. 7d. for medicines, and £707 5s. 4d. for contingencies, and admitted 337 patients. The Navan fever hospital serves principally for Navan Poor-law union, and, in 1839-49, it received £500 from public grants, expended £100 in salaries to medical officers, £40 for medicines, and £360 for contingencies, and admitted 542 patients. The Navan dispensary serves for a district of 33,033 acres, with a pop. of 16,440; and, in 1839-40, it received £164 16s., expended £164 16s., and administered to 2,724 patients. cost £5. The workhouse was contracted for on July 30, public grants, and £14 18s. from other sources, expended £685 16s. 10d. in salaries to medical officers, £323 7s. 11d. for medicines, and £1,123 18s. 4d. for contingencies, and administered to 879 intern and 5,080 extern patients. man conquest; and it was, during many subsequent ages, a place of considerable importance. An act of the 34th year of Henry VIII. directs that "every ploughed-land within the county of Methe and WestMethe, used to be charged with subsidie, and not free from imposition, shall be, during the term of 4 years, charged with the sum of 3 shillings and 4 pence, towards building the walls of the town of Navan." The Nangle family, at the sub-partition of Meath, obtained a grant of Navan, with attached palatinate privileges; and they took from this estate the title of baron. Dr. Beaufort, the author of the Ecclesiastical Map of Ireland, and of the Memoir explanatory of that map, held for some time the benefice of Navan, but resided within the county of Louth. Municipal Affairs.]-Navan was incorporated by charter of 9 Edward IV.; and it also possesses charters of 9 Henry VII., 21 James I., 13 Charles II., and 4 James II. The limits defined by charter exclude a portion of the town on the side toward Drogheda, and extend about half-a-mile beyond it on the side toward Dublin, and nearly two miles beyond it on the side toward Trim. The corporation, according to charter, was called "The Portreeve, Burgesses, and Freemen of the Town or Borough of Navan;" and had as its officers one portreeve, and sometimes a deputy-portreeve, 12 burgesses, one town-clerk, and two serjeants-at-mace. The burgesses were elected for life from among the freemen; and, in 1833, they amounted to nine, three of whom were brothers of Lord Tara, and two were Lord Ludlow and his land-agent, while only one was resident within the borough. No Protestant dissenter or Roman Catholic was ever admitted to the freedom. The corporation possessed no exclusive jurisdiction; and a borough court, which was presided over by the portreeve or his deputy, became extinct in 1820. Landed property, to the extent of about 1,200 acres, formerly belonged to the corporation, and was called the Commons of Navan; but it was from time to time encroached upon and enclosed by tenants of the neighbouring landlords, and its various portions passed, at the expiry of the leases of these tenants, into the landlords' own possession. A court of quarter-sessions is held in the town twice a-year; and a court of petty-sessions on every Monday. The public peace is preserved by a party of the county constabulary. The streets are neither lighted nor watched; the principal ones are treated as part of the county roads, and kept in repair by grand-jury presentment; but the smaller streets and the cross thoroughfares are not regarded as part of the county roads, and both they and the bridges are usually in a wretched condition. Navan sent two members to the Irish parliament from the second year of Elizabeth till the Legislative union; but Lords Tara and Ludlow practically possessed all its franchise, and they received, in equal portions, the whole of the £15,000 of compen-between the county of Antrim in the east, and the sation for disfranchisement. Statistics.]-Area of the Athlumney section of the town, 20 acres. Pop., in 1841, 33. Houses 6. Area of the Donaghmore section, 15 acres. Pop., in 1841, 608. Houses 99. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 36; in manufactures and trade, 45; in other pursuits, 29. Families dependent chiefly on property and professions, 8; on the directing of labour, 51; on their own manual labour, 40; on means not specified, 11. Area of the Navan-parish section, 132 acres. Pop., in 1831, 4,416; in 1841, 4,987. Houses 822. Families employed chiefly in agriculture, 347; in manufactures and trade, 448; in other pursuits, 210. Families dependent chiefly on property and professions, 16; on the directing of labour, 439; on their own manual labour, 437; on means not specified, 113. Males at and above 5 years of age who could read and write, 1,026; who could read but not write, 370; who could neither read nor write, 917. Females at and above 5 years of age who could read and write, 532; who could read but not write, 467; who could neither read nor write, 1,203. History.]-Navan is said to have been one of the towns which were walled and rendered defensible by Hugh De Lacy, immediately after the Anglo-Nor NAVAN, a large rath or very ancient earthwork, in the parish of Eglish, barony and county of Armagh, Ulster. It is situated 2 miles west of the city of Armagh, on the north side of the road thence to Caledon and Tyman. "In its general character,' say Mr. and Mrs. Hall, "it resembles the hill of Tara, and is more picturesque, though less extensive. It is said to have been the site of the palace of Eamhain, erected A.M. 3603; adjoining to it was a 'House of the Red-branch Knights,' and to this day every place in the neighbourhood retains a name similar to that which it might have borne before the Christian era; thus, for example, a townland close beside the hill is still denominated Creeve Roe,a name which in English letters expresses the very sound designated in the Irish characters by the words Craobh Ruadh-the Red-Branch.' It is impossible to examine this rath without being fully convinced that, huge as it is, it was the produce of human labour. Various relics of antiquity are dug up from time to time in its vicinity; so numerously, indeed, that a cottager seldom occupies a day in delving a field without striking his spade against some record of long past ages,-arrow-heads, continually; sometimes a spear head, or a skeine, and now and then a brooch or ring of costly workmanship." NEAGH (LOUGH), a great lake, an inland sea, in the centre of the eastern half of the province of Ulster. It is very nearly as large as the lake of Geneva; and is second in size to no other lake in Europe, except Lake Ladoga in Russia, and Lake Vener in Sweden. It extends from north to south counties of Tyrone and Londonderry on the west; and its foot belongs to Antrim, its head to Armagh, and a tiny portion of its south-east corner to Down. The baronies among which it is politically distributed are Upper Toome, Lower Massarene, and Upper Massarene, in Antrim; Lower Iveagh, in Down; East O'Neilland and West O'Neilland, in Armagh; Dungannon, in Tyrone; and Loughinsholin, in Londonderry. Its length, from south to north, is 14 miles; its length, in diagonal lines from southeast to north-west, and from south-west to northeast, is respectively 15 and 16; and its breadth, from east to west, but exclusive of a contracted portion at its northern extremity, is from 6 to 8. Its area, in the parochial portions in which the Ordnance Survey exhibits it, are, within the barony of Upper Toome and county of Antrim, 1,682 acres, 1 rood, 11 perches in the parish of Duneane, 11,471 acres, 2 roods, 23 perches in Drummaul, 2,691 acres, 2 roods in Cranfield, and 523 acres, 27 perches in Antrim; within the barony of Lower Massarene and county of Antrim, 1,518 acres, 3 roods, 21 perches in the grange of Muckamore, and 19,794 acres, 2 roods, 30 perches in the parish of Killead; within the barony of Upper Massarene and county of Antrim, 708 acres, rood, 4 perches in the parish of Camlin, 9,219 acres, 1 rood, 23 perches in Glenavy, and 2,415 acres, 21 perches in Aghagallon; within the barony of Lower Iveagh and county of Down, 138 acres, 23 perches in the parish of Shankill; within the barony of East O'Neilland and county of Armagh, 223 acres, 3 roods, 36 perches in Shankill, 1,236 acres, 1 rood, 21 perches in Seagoe, and 12,178 acres, 2 roods, 36 perches in Montiaghs; within the barony of West O'Neilland and county of Armagh, 1,917 acres, 2 roods, 34 perches in Tartaraghan; within the barony of Dungannon and county of Tyrone, 2,940 acres, 2 roods, 38 perches in Clonee, 3,092 acres, 1 rood, 9 perches in Ballyclog, 21,000 acres, 39 perches in Arboe, and 322 acres, 22 perches in Ballinderry; and within the barony of Loughinsholin and county of Londonderry, 2,978 acres, 1 rood, 25 perches in Ballinderry, and 2,181 acres, 2 roods, 32 perches in Artrea. The surface-elevation of the lake above low-water sea-level is 48 feet. The principal bays are Antrim bay at the north-east corner, Sandy bay and Bartin's bay in the east, and Washing bay in the south-west. The principal headlands are Grove Point at the west side of the entrance of Antrim bay; Ardmore Point, Gartree Point, Hog Park, and Tolan's Point, in the east ; Ardmore Point in the south; Rooskey Point in the south-west; Black Point, Kiltagh Point, Arboe Point, Anneeter Point, and Mullan Point, in the west; and Tryad Point and Knockasurf Point in respectively the west side and the east side of the commencement of a bay which leads out on the north-west, to the exit northward of the lake's superfluent waters. The islands are few, very small, and all situated near the shores; and the chief are Ram's Island, crowned by a pillar-tower, in Sandy bay, Bird's Island at the south-east corner, - Coney Island in the south-west, near the influx of the Blackwater river, and Skady Island, and the Three Islands, in the north. The principal streams which flow into Lough Neagh are the Maine river, and the Six-Mile-Water into Antrim bay, the Crumlin and the Glenavy rivulets into Sandy bay, the Upper Bann river into nearly the middle of the south, the Blackwater river into the south-west, the Ballinderry rivulet into the west, and the Moyola rivulet into the north-west; and the whole of the superfluent waters are discharged northward from the north-west corner, and form there the Lower Bann river, which flows between Antrim and Londonderry, and across the north-east corner of the latter county to the northern Atlantic ocean. The depth of Lough Neagh in nearly all its central and its southern parts varies from 39 to 42 feet; its extreme depth occurs a little south of Skady island, and is 102 feet; its depth over a few "flats" or shoals in the central parts varies from 19 to 32 feet; and its depth over most of the south end, and near the eastern and western shores, varies from 2 to 26 feet. Several good landing-places and ports occur in each great sweep of shore, and are more or less used by numerous craft which navigate the lake; and the Lagan navigation or canal goes off from the south-east corner to carry vessels down to the sea at Belfast, the Upper Bann river takes craft to the Newry canal, along which they are conveyed past Newry to the sea at Lough Carlingford, and the Blackwater river communicates with both the short navigation to the Tyrone coal-field, and the new and long navigation by the Ulster canal to Upper Lough Erne. The waters of Lough Neagh usually attain a surface-elevation in winter about 7 feet higher than that of summer; and they, in consequence, effect wide-spread inundations every season,-covering upwards of 50,000 acres of good land, and a vast aggregate of bog-lands and morasses; while, about probably every 15 years, they achieve so great and expansive a flood as threatens to render a large portion of the peopled shores totally uninhabitable. Very much of the land on the immediate shores is so low and constantly morassy, as to be unimprovable except by considerably draining the lake; and even if a considerable draining could be effected, the reclamation of land would perhaps be dearly purchased by the damaging or destruction of the navigation. The shores all round, though occasionally a little bold, and somewhat curved and indented, never rise to any considerable elevation, and are, for the most part, so flat and tame as rarely to depart from almost a dead level. They, therefore, possess none of such expressive and imposing scenery as distinguishes most of the second-rate and many of the small lakes and sea-loughs of Ireland; and yet they boast some fine demesnes, and exhibit much of that kind of beauty which mere arboriculture and landscape gardening can produce upon a good soil, with an undiversified surface. Fish of various kinds, particularly perch, trout, bream, and the dollachan or char, are abundant. Medicinal properties were at one time ascribed to the waters of the lake; but, if not quite imaginary, seem to have belonged to the influx of some mineral springs from the neighbouring land, and of course to have been confined to small and special localities. A petrifying power was long universally believed, and is still occasionally contended, to exist in the lake; but this power, so far as it is a reality, resides not in the water of the lake, but in the soil of some portions of the shores. NEALE, a village in the parish of Kilmolara, barony of Kilmain, co. Mayo, Connaught. It stands on the road from Ballinrobe to Cong, 3 miles south of Ballinrobe, and 3 north-north-east of Cong. It is an airy and pleasant place, almost or altogether free from the squalidness which prevails in most Irish villages of its size. At the south end of it is a good schoolhouse; at the north end of it is the neat, small church of the benefice, ornamented with a small tower; and in its immediate vicinity is the demesne of Neale, the property but seldom the residence of Lord Kilmain, possessing some curious features, but presided over by an unimposing and neglected-looking mansion. The village is a constabulary station. Its site commands a fine view of the Plains of Ellestrin, the basin and bosom of Lough Mask, and the frontier heights as well as prospective summits of Joyce-Country. Fairs are held on Feb. 5, May 6, Aug. 4, and Nov. 5. The Neale and Cong dispensary is within the Ballinrobe Poor-law union, and serves for a district of 40,308 acres, with a pop. of 14,463; and, in 1840-41, it expended £59, and administered to 1,200 patients. The pious author of a recent popular Commentary on the New Testament, "by a Clergyman of the Church of Ireland," wrote and published that work while he was curate of Neale, and a resident in the village. Area of the village, 6 acres. Pop., in 1841, 196. Houses 34. NECARN, a demesne in the parish of Derry vullane, of a mile south of Irvinestown, barony of Lurg, co. Fermanagh, Ulster. It is a pleasant and well-wooded expanse of ground, the property and residence of William D'Arcy, Esq.; and it is presided over by a small but handsome castle, of quite recent erection. NEDDANS, or NEDDINS, a parish in the barony of West Iffa and Offa, 6 miles south-west by west of Clonmel, co. Tipperary, Munster. Length and breadth, each 24 miles; area, 2,384 acres, 3 roods, 5 perches, of which 35 acres, 2 roods, 33 perches are in the river Suir. Pop., in 1831, 616; in 1841, 766. Houses 104. The surface consists of excellent arable land, and is traversed lengthwise or south eastward by the Suir. The seats are Neddans-house, | to Birr and Dublin, 34 miles south-east of Youghal Monroe-house, Lacken-house, and Corabella-house. bay in Lough Derg, 5 west of Toomavara, 8 south The antiquities are the ruins of a church, and the by west of Borris-o'-kane, 9 east-north-east of Kilsite of a castle. This parish is a vicarage, and part laloe, 15 south by east of Portumna, 15 westof the benefice of ARDFINNAN [which see], in the south-west of Roscrea, 19 south-west by south of dio. of Lismore. Vicarial tithe composition, £80; Birr, 19 north-east of Limerick, and 744 south-west glebe, £4 4s. The rectorial tithes are compounded of Dublin. for £105, and are impropriate in Mrs. Emily Cudworth of Clonmel. In 1834, the parishioners were all Roman Catholics; and there was neither church, chapel, nor school. NEDEEN, a hamlet in the immediate vicinity of the small town of Kenmare, and on the north bank of the Kenmare river, co. Kerry, Munster. NEIR, or SLIEVENEIR, one of the summits of the Mourne mountains, co. Down, Ulster. NENAGH (THE), a river of the county of Tipperary, Munster. It rises in two headstreams among the western declivities of the Devil-Bit mountains; and runs about 12 miles north-westward, past the town of Nenagh, to Lough Derg. NENAGH, a parish, containing a post and market town of the same name, in the baronies of Lower and Upper Ormond, co. Tipperary, Munster. Length, south by eastward, 3 miles; extreme breadth, 2. Area of the Lower Ormond section, 2,020 acres, 2 roods, 13 perches; of the Upper Ormond section, 1,861 acres, 2 perches. Pop. of the whole, in 1831, 9,159; in 1841, 9,540. Houses 1,477. Pop. of the rural districts of the Lower Ormond section, in 1841, 243. Houses 44. Pop. of the rural districts of the Upper Ormond section, in 1831, 693; in 1841, 679. Houses 105. The surface consists, in a general view, of prime land; it is watered by the Nenagh river, and traversed by the roads from Limerick to Birr and Dublin; and it is all champaign, and lies upon a basin of about 160 feet of mean elevation above sea-level. The chief rural seats are Monroehouse, Brook-Watson-house, Solsborough-house, Summerville, Ballintogher-house, and Castle-Willington, the last the residence of John Willington, Esq. The ruins of a castle occur in the south-west; and other objects of interest will be noticed in connection with the town. This parish is a rectory, in the dio. of Killaloe. Tithe composition, £350 Os. 11d.; glebe, £10. The rectories of Nenagh, and KNIGH [see that article], constitute the benefice of Nenagh. Length, 4 miles; breadth, 24. Pop., in 1831, 10,606. Gross income, £666 16s. 6d. ; nett, £606 18s. 8d. Patron, the diocesan. A curate receives a salary of £75. The church was built in 1810, by means of a loan of £1,200 from the late Board of First Fruits, and the sum of £276 18s. 54d. raised by subscription. Sittings 500; attendance 400. The Roman Catholic chapel has 4 officiates, and an attendance of 2,000. In 1834, the inhabitants of the parish consisted of 615 Churchmen, 32 Protestant dissenters, and 8,084 Roman Catholics; the inhabitants of the union consisted of 667 Churchmen, 33 Protestant dissenters, and 9,505 Roman Catholics; and 8 daily schools in the parish and union-one of which was connected with the National Board, and one salaried with £20 a-year from the Board of Erasmus Smith-had on their books 459 boys and 122 girls. In 1842, the National Board had two schools in Nenagh, and one in Nenagh workhouse. NENAGH, A post and market town, and the capital of the north riding of the county of Tipperary, in the parish of Nenagh, baronies of Lower and Upper Ormond, co. Tipperary, Munster. It stands near the Nenagh river, and on the joint road from Limerick General Description.]-"Perhaps in the whole south of Ireland," says a graphic writer in the Dublin Penny Journal, "there is not a more beautiful or valuable district than the baronies of Ormond, in the centre of which Nenagh stands, surrounded on all sides by mountains of grand and varied forms-some of which are highly metalliferous-bounded on the west by a broad and truly picturesque part of the Shannon, a most productive territory, equally good for tillage or pasture, abounding in woods, waters, and game. Never did foot of hound or hoof of horse sweep over a finer sporting country than what its dry and healthy champaign affords. Well might the Milesian O'Kennedys, and the O'Mearas, and the M'Egans, sigh when they surrendered to the Norman Butlers and Graces and Morrises, these fine fields; and well might they, in their turn, according to the fate of war, retire in sorrow before its present Cromwellian possessors." Numerous handsome villas and cottages ornées decorate the immediate vicinity of the town, and the district thence to the margin of Lough Derg. The town itself has a comparatively airy, clean, and comfortable appearance; it boasts regular alignment and tolerable edificing in its principal streets; it possesses less meanness, filth, and penury, than many other second-rate towns of Ireland; and it makes, on the whole, a decidedly favourable impression upon the mind of a general tourist through the kingdom. 66 The Castle.]-Nenagh Castle-or as it is popularly called, Nenagh Round-is a conspicuous feature of the town, and, in spite of having been much dilapidated by some of the townspeople, continues to be a very fine monument of Norman military architecture." Tradition," says the writer already quoted, "assigns the erection of the fortress to King John; and it certainly bears all the characteristics of a structure of that period, when circular fortifications were almost exclusively used. And the commanding height and massive solidity of its donjon or keep, the wide circuit of its ballium, its well built curtain walls, strengthened by four other circular towers, its lofty and portcullised gate, approachable by a high and well flanked causeway; all prove that royal power and royal wealth were required to erect a fortress, which, were it now standing in the fulness of its original design, might stand a comparison with some of the finest border castles of Scotland or Wales." Nenagh Castle, though admirably contrived by engineers who knew no other arms of attack than the arrow, the arbalist, or the battering ram, ceased, when gunpowder changed the art of war, to be the stronghold that the Norman power intended it to be; for, placed on the slope of a hill for the sake of securing a supply of water within the fort, it has been obliged to surrender to every commander who could drag ordnance to the heights above it. In the war of 1641, it was seized by the Irish under Owen Roe O'Neil, and again it was torn from his grasp by Lord Inchiquin. The terrible Ireton, when Cromwell left him as his deputy in Ireland, on his way to the siege of Limerick in 1651, battered it from the high ground to the east, and the garrison, finding it untenable, surrendered at discretion, when, as local tradition has it, Ireton caused its governor to be hung out of the topmost window of the keep. Though greatly dismantled, it remained garrisoned, as one of the Duke of Or 66 siderable trade. Dromineer, one of the Lough Derg stations of the Shannon Navigation Company, is situated 44 miles north-west of Nenagh, and may be considered as its port. No projected railway, however, approaches nearer the town than the valley of the Upper Suir, or the east base of the Devil's-Bit mountains. In 1838, the public conveyances were a car to Borris-o'-kane, a coach to Limerick, a car to Roscrea, and a coach and a mail-coach in transit between Limerick and Dublin. Fairs are held on April 24, May 29, July 4, Aug. 1, Sept. 4, and Oct. 10. Nenagh has a savings' bank, a loan fund, and public branch-offices of the National Bank of Ireland and the Tipperary Joint Stock Bank; and it is the residence of two stistabulary force for the north riding of Tipperary, and the seat of the assize-court for that riding, of a court of quarter-sessions, and of a weekly court of pettysessions. A newspaper, called the Nenagh Guardian, is published in Nenagh on Wednesdays and Saturdays. In 1841, the Nenagh Loan Fund had a capital of £901; circulated £4,019 in 1,553 loans, and realized a nett profit of £11 11s. 7d. mond's castles, until the war of 1688, when it fell into the hands of Long Anthony Carrol, the descendant of that ancient sept, that once ruled over the district north of Ormond, called Ely Carrol." Nenagh Castle was the centre of Carrol's operations; and though the curtain walls were battered down, the inferior towers almost levelled, and the keep unroofed, still he held it, to the great annoyance of the English, until it was found necessary to detach a brigade against it, under General Leveson, upon whose approach Carrol evacuated it after burning down the town. There is reason to believe that, after the war of the revolution was over, Nenagh Castle was still retained as a place of arms; and tradition speaks of a Sir William Ham-pendiary magistrates, the head-quarters of the conilton, who, as its last seneschal, held it under the Ormond family. Like every monument of ecclesiastical or military antiquity in Ireland, this extensive ruin has suffered more from the work of man than the impression of ages. Indeed, the tower, from the massiveness of its structure and the durability of its material, seems almost to defy the tooth of time. But certainly the townsmen have done their worst in dilapidating, disfiguring, and rendering the present approaches to it as disagreeable as they are difficult.' Poor-law Union.]-The Nenagh Poor-law union ranks as the 15th, and was declared on Feb. 9, 1839. It lies wholly within co. Tipperary, or in the baroOther Public Buildings.]-In the year 1200, an nies of Owney and Arra, Upper Ormond and Lower hospital was founded at Nenagh for the sick and the Ormond; and comprehends an area of 184,712 acres, infirm, and was placed under the care of canons re- which contained, in 1831, a pop. of 89,891. The gular of the order of St. Augustine. This institu- number of elected guardians is 34; and that of tion was called Teach-Ion, or St. John's House; it ex-officio guardians is 11. The electoral divisions, was largely endowed by Theobald Walter, the first together with the number of valued tenements in Butler of Ireland; and it furnished to each sick per- each, is, in the barony of Owney and Arra, Castleson, who was admitted to its hospitality, a daily town, 514; Templekelly, 570; Youghal, 407; Kilallowance of a good loaf, a plentiful bowl of ale from mastulla, 204; Burgessbeg, 341; Kilcomenty, 354; the cellar, and a dish of meat from the kitchen.-A Killoscully, 276; Killenerath, 360; and Newport, monastery for Franciscans was founded at Nenagh, 462;-in the barony of Upper Ormond, Kilmore, 698; some say by one of the Butlers, others say by one Dolla, 257; Annameadle, 709; Templederry, 244; of the O'Kennedys; it is reported to have been the Ballymackey, 434; Lisbowey, 547; and Kilruane, richest house belonging to the Franciscans in Ireland; 200;-and in the barony of Lower Ormond, Nenagh, it was, in 1344, the meeting-place of a provincial 1,589; Knigh, 241; Cloghprior, 276; Arderoney, chapter of the Franciscan order; and one of its friars 396; Kilbarron, 311; Torryglass, 307; Borriswrote a historical work, which has acquired some o'-kane, 580; and Cloghjordan, 805. The number of note among antiquaries, and is often quoted under valued tenements in the Owney and Arra divisions the name of the Annals of Nenagh. Some ruins of is 3,488; in the Upper Ormond divisions 3,089, in this monastery are still standing. The modern pub- the Lower Ormond divisions 4,505, in the whole lic buildings, consisting of the parish-church, the union 11,082; and of this total, 5,773 were valued Roman Catholic chapel, a large infantry barrack, a under £5,-2,212, under £10,-958, under £15,gaol, a court-house, a poor-law workhouse, and 585, under £20,-375, under £25,-227, under £30, other public structures suitable to a large provincial-308, under £40,-155, under £50,- and 489, at town, the seat of a poor-law union, and the assize and above £50. The total nett annual value of the town of the moiety of a great county, have aggre- property rated is £136,655 14s. 8d. The workhouse gately a somewhat imposing effect, but individually was contracted for to cost £8,320 for building and possess no remarkable feature. The Nenagh gaol, completion, and £1,580 for fittings and contingenor gaol for the north riding of the county of Tip- cies,-to occupy a site of 7 acres, obtained for an perary, is a quite new structure, occupied for the annual rent of £50,-and to contain accommodation first time in 1842; it possesses sufficient accommo- for 1,000 paupers. The date of the first admission of dation for all the purposes of classification and dis- paupers was April 28, 1842; the total expenditure cipline, short of the system of total separation; it thence till Feb. 6, 1843, was £1,333 9s. 11 d., and even contains 52 cells large enough for the practice the total previous expenditure was £2,302 19s. 5d. of that system, but not yet treated as the law re- The expenditure for the year 1843 was £2,827 Os. 6d. quires; and it contains, in toto, 192 cells, 20 day or The number of pauper inmates on Dec. 2, 1843, was work rooms, 11 yards, a chapel, good separate hos- 436; on Jan. 1, 1844, 457. The medical charities pitals, a tread-wheel, a public kitchen, laundry, and within the union are fever hospitals at Borris-o'-kane, officers' apartments. During the year 1843, the Cloghjordan, and Nenagh; and dispensaries at Birdaverage number of prisoners confined was 126; the hill, Borris-o'-kane, Cloghjordan, Nenagh, Newport, highest number was 172; the total number, inclu- Portroe, Silvermines, and Toomavara; and, in 1839sive of debtors, was 1,109; the number of re-com- 40, they received £687 11s. 6d. from subscription, mittals was 44; and the total expenditure was £991 3s. from public grants, and £38 13s. 6d. from £2,268 8s. 11d. other sources, expended £759 10s. 6d. in salaries to Trade, &c.]-Nenagh probably enjoys the pre-medical officers, £228 13s. 6d. for medicines, and sence of a larger portion of resident gentry than any other inland town of its size in Ireland, and is as prosperous as any Irish town of its population can be, without the aid of any manufacture, or of con £903 15s. 5d. for contingencies, and administered to 1,265 intern and 15,251 extern patients. The Nenagh fever hospital contains 86 beds; it serves for a district containing a pop. of 20,690, yet admits all cases |