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hall, a housekeeper, a sessions' crier, and a mayor's | ing of any part of the public roads of the county. clerk. The council, or ruling body of the corpora-"The city," says the official report of 1833, is tion in the old borough, consisted of the mayor, 18 supplied with water by the corporation, who have other aldermen, the sheriffs, and assistants,-amount- gone to considerable expense for that purpose; and ing in all to 40 persons; and that, in the new bor- a treaty is at present going forward for the purpose ough, or present municipal borough, consists of ten of bringing a large stream of water as an additional aldermen and 30 councillors, elected from the five supply to the city. The citizens pay for the water wards into which the borough is divided, and which for their houses; but the public are supplied with are designated Tower, Custom-house, Centre, West, water by fountains and pumps in several parts of the and South. In the old borough, the mayor was town free of expense. This pipe-water is demised elected from among the aldermen, the aldermen from by the corporation at a rent of £200 a-year." The among the assistants, the assistants from among the council of the city, together with certain other par freemen; and the freemen, though entitled to free- ties, including the bishop and the members of par dom in right of birth, of apprenticeship, or of mar- liament, are Commissioners for the making wide riage, were elected by the council upon special peti- and convenient streets, ways, and passages, in the tion, and often grounds so capricious, partisan, or city of Waterford, and the suburbs thereof;" and political, that claims otherwise sufficiently valid they possess similar powers to the homogeneous body were liable to be rejected simply for want of desired in the city of Dublin. The rental of the corpora political subserviency in the views or creed of the tion, including every species of property which pro candidates to those of the council. A freeman had duces an annual profit, amounts to about £7,426 11s. a vote for the members of parliament, enjoyed ex- 3d.; and the expenditure, in 1833, amounted to emption from certain local tolls which have for a £6,181 4s. 11d., and had as its chief items £3,155 considerable period ceased to be collected, and pos- 7s. 6d. of interest on city seals, and £2, 123 18s. 41d. sesses the singular privilege of exemption from some of salaries to officers and servants. 66 The corpora tolls of comparative consequence in Liverpool and tion," says the report of 1833," is indebted in the Bridgewater. "In the salt trade," says the official sum of £63,107 12s. 4d. on city seals or bonds on report of 1833, 'the want of freedom amounts to a which interest is paid at five per cent., and in the prohibition. Several merchants residing in Water- sum of £5,424 12s. 4d. for money lodged with them ford have, notwithstanding this, been refused the for charitable purposes, and on which interest is paid freedom of the city; and one merchant informed us at various rates. This debt appears to have been that he calculated he had paid, in the way of dues in contracted gradually and at different periods; a good Liverpool, for the last 27 years, from £25 to £30 deal of it was incurred since 1807. The city seals a-year, which he would not have been liable to if or bonds, due on the 7th of February, 1818, amounted he had been a freeman of the city of Waterford. to £34,090; and, in 1821, the debt for each and chaThis gentleman applied for his freedom more than rity money amounted to £58,356 18s. 6d. British. once, but had been refused." In 1833, the number The increase of debt since that time is £10,175 6s. of resident freemen was between 600 and 700; of re- 2d. present currency. The entire of the debt due gistered freemen, about 586; and of non-resident by the corporation has been contracted in and since freemen, less than 200. The courts held within 1724; and it would appear that it was in 1724 that the city are the assizes for the county at large by the citizens or freemen took a part in the corporation the judges, courts of quarter-sessions by the assistant transactions for the last time, and the affairs of the barrister, courts of petty - sessions by the county corporation have ever since been managed by the magistrates, a court for suits of wages by the mayor, mayor and council. It seems that a good deal of a court of pleas for debts of from £2 to £10 by the money was expended in law expenses; a much larger corporation, and a court of conscience for debts un- portion expended in improvements on the town; a der £2 by the corporation. The local police force very large sum was expended in rebuilding the town of the county of the city consisted, in 1833, of a high hall, and several sums have been expended since in constable, a second constable, 10 petty constables, repairing it; and a sum of £6,600 was expended in and 2 supernumeraries; and, though this force might the purchase of property, situate in the city, from have seemed to be utterly incompetent, the peace Lord Enniskillen." A large amount of tithes beand good order of the city appeared to be as well longs to the corporation; and, previous to 1833, preserved as those of most other large towns. The was leased, during periods of from 3 to 99 years, at constabulary force more recently employed will be an aggregate annual rent of £766 18s. 10d., and on noticed in the next section, entitled Statistics." renewal fines of £2,443 15s. 4 d. The denominaA local act, obtained in the 24th year of George III., tions of the tithes, together with the amount of their authorized the ministers, church wardens, and parish- respective yearly rent in 1833, are Polerone, £70; ioners of the several parishes, at their vestries in Desertmore, £73 16s. 10d.; Newcastle and GuilJuly, to appoint watchmen and order their equip- cagh, £49 4s. 8d.; Dunhill, £37 10s. 8d.; Rathments; it provided for the costs by a poundage on patrick, £88 12s. 4d.; Shanbough, £28; Knockdwelling-houses and other tenements, recoverable moran, £163 13s. 10d.; Ballygowran, £44 6s. 2d.; by the churchwardens as parish-rates; and it ex- Kilcullibeen, £65; Clonmore, £13 16s. 11d.; Kilempted from this poundage all houses of less annual macke vogue, £70; Rosbercon, £11 1s. 6d.; Illud, value than £5, and excluded the occupiers of such part of monastery of Kilculliheen, £18 9s. 3d.; houses from voting at the vestries. The powers Portnascully, part of Kilculliheen, £32 12s. 2d.; conveyed by this act, however, have been wholly and Macully, 4s. 74d. The corporation have the employed in lighting the city, no provision being patronage of the ecclesiastical benefices of Dunhill, made for watching it; yet the quays are both lighted Newcastle, and Guilcagh, in the county of Waterand watched at the cost, and under the superintend- ford; Kilculliheen, partly in the liberties of Waterence, of the Harbour Commissioners. The clean- ford, and partly in the county of Kilkenny; and ing and the repairing of the streets, within certain Macully, Polerone, Portnascully, and Illud, in the limits, which embrace almost all the interior of the county of Kilkenny. They hold also the patronage town, are effected by contract, the corporation pay- of the valuable benefice of Rosbercon; and they ing the contractor £320 a-year; and beyond these sold for £1,360 the next presentation to that benelimits, they are performed in the same manner, and fice after the year 1833. from the same resources, as the cleaning and repair

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Statistics.]-In 1843, the number of committals on

charges of felony was 10; the number of cases before magistrates and petty-sessions was 240; and the number of persons committed for drunkenness under the Act 6 and 7 William IV., cap. 38, was 396,and of the 10 persons committed on charges of felony, 7 were convicted, and 3 were discharged. The constabulary force, on Jan. 1, 1844, consisted of 1 second-rate sub-inspector, 1 second-rate head-constable, 9 constables, 38 first-rate sub-constables, 2 second-rate constables, and 2 mounted police; and the cost of maintaining this force during 1843 was £1,946 14s. 6d. The constabulary are distributed into the three stations of Cross, Barrack-street, and Ferrybank. The amount of grand-jury presentment for 1842 was £5,227. The number of houses valued for the poor-rate within the municipal borough is 3,982; and of these, 1,931 are valued under £5,489, under £10,-560, under £15,-248, under £20, -176, under £25,-112, under £30,-135, under £40,-103, under £50,-and 228, at and above £50. The number of houses valued for the poor-rate within the parliamentary borough or quondam county of the city, is 4,707; and of these, 2,344 are valued under £5, 562 under £10,-602, under £15,-275, under 20,-198, under £25,-126, under £30,-165, under £40,-128, under £50,-and 307, at and above £50. The parliamentary borough sends two members to the imperial parliament. Constituency, in 1841, 1,499; of whom 621 were registered under the old qualification, and 879 under the new. Of those registered under the old qualification, previous to the Reform Act, 31 were £50 freeholders, 19 were £20 freeholders, 18 were 40s. freeholders, 1 was a £50 rent-charger, and 551 were freemen; and of those registered under the new qualification by the Reform Act, 5 were £10 freeholders, 17 were £20 leaseholders, 4 were £10 leaseholders, and 853 were £10 leaseholders. The population, education, and miscellaneous statistics, are given in the article on the county of the city.

in a corrupted form; and these four fiords or havens were Vader-fiord, now called corruptedly Waterford, -Wessfiord, now called corruptedly Wexford,Carlingfiord, now called with little alteration Carlingford,-and Strangfiord, now called with little alteration Strangford. Both Dublin bay and the mouth of the Boyne, indeed, are known to have been among their chief resorts, the former in a very eminent degree; but Dublin bay was too wide and open, and the Boyne was too strictly fluviatile, to be properly designated fiords,—a word which designates estuaries or sea-loughs, and is almost strictly identical in meaning with the Scottish word friths or firths.

In 893, Patrick, son of Ivorus, then king of the Danes of Waterford, was slain. In 937, the Danes of Waterford overran and wasted Meath. In 1000, Ivorus, then king of the Danes of Waterford, died in the city. In 1003, Reginald, king of the Danes of Waterford, and son of Ivorus, built the tower which still bears his name. In 1014, Sitricus, king of the Danes of Waterford, fought, in the vicinity of Dublin, the celebrated battle of Clontarf with Brian Boromh. See CLONTARF. In 1036, Sitricus was killed by the king of Ossory; and, in the same year, Reginald O'Hiver, the successor of Sitricus, was killed by Sitricus II. In 1038, Cumana O'Rahan, king of the Danes of Waterford, was slain, either by the people of Ossory, or by the treachery of his own men; and in the same year, the city of Waterford was plundered and burnt by Dermod Mac-Mel-Nembo, king of Leinster. In 1087, the city was captured and burnt by the people of Dublin. In 1096, the Danes of Waterford, having embraced Christianity, elected Malchus to be their bishop. [See section The Diocese.'] In May 1170, the Danes of Waterford having received intelligence of the disembarkation in their near vicinity of the small invading force of Anglo-Normans under Raymond Le Gros and Henry de Monte Marisco [see BAGENBON], "resolved to attack them before their strength increased, and with History.]-Waterford is alleged by some writers the assistance of Malachy Ŏ'Feolin, prince of the to have been founded in the year 155; but it is not Decies, and O'Ryne of Idrone, got together an army credibly known to record, and probably did not ex- of 3,000 horse and foot, with which they fell upon ist, till 853; and it appears to have been then founded the English, who valiantly received them, and though by Sitiracus, one of three brothers, noble Danes, few in number, under the conduct of Harvey de who had recently arrived in Ireland. Its original Montmoriscoe, after some hours' dispute, put them name was Cuan-na-Grioth, the harbour of the to flight. In this battle fell about 1,000 Danes and sun;' and is believed to have arisen from the fact of Irish, and 70 of the principal citizens were made its pristine inhabitants being pagans and sun-worship- prisoners, who were all put to death by Raymond, pers. See TORY-HILL. Another ancient name of to revenge the loss of his friend, De Bevin, slain in the town was Portlargi, the harbour of the thigh,' the battle." In the following August, the Earl of or the thigh-harbour;' and is supposed to have been Pembroke, usually called Earl Strongbow, arrived suggested by a fancied resemblance between the out- with a large invading force of Anglo-Normans, in line of the Suir from Waterford downward to the Waterford Harbour; and having been immediately shape of the human thigh. The modern name, Wa- joined by the previous invaders Raymond Le Gros, terford, seems to bear the simple meaning of a ford Fitz-Stephens, and Henry de Monte Marisco, and by upon a stream; and may have been suggested either their ally the king of Leinster, he proceeded next by the existence of a ford or shallow in John's Pill, day to the town of Waterford, and assaulted it both or the near vicinity of a ford or ferry-station on the by land and by water. "After two repulses, RaySuir. Yet a combination of learning and ingenuity mond perceived a cabin on the wall propped with has, with no small plausibility, assigned it to a very timber on the outside. Immediately he caused the different and a considerably expressive origin. "Ac-prop to be cut, so that the house fell, and with it cording to this explication, the name is derived from part of the wall, at which breach the English enVader-fiord, which, in the Norse language, signifies tered the city, plundered it, and put all the inhabita haven dedicated to Vader, a Scandinavian deity. ants found in arms to the sword. Among other In the death-song of Regner Ladbray, in the origi- prisoners, Reginald, prince of the Danes of Waternal Norse, the word Vader-fiord is mentioned. This ford, and Malachy O'Feolain, prince of Decies, were ode was translated by Orlaus Wermius, in Latin taken; whom they imprisoned in Reginald's Tower. verse. His Latin for the word is Vadrosinus, which These being afterwards condemned to death, were is Vader's-haven. Part of this ode is quoted in saved by the intercession of Dermod, king of LeinMallett's Northern Antiquities; it may be seen at ster." Speedily after the capture of the city, Earl length in Blair's Dissertation, prefixed to Ossian's Strongbow was married here to Eva, the king of Poems." The Ostmen or Danes appear to have had, Leinster's daughter, and was proclaimed heir-appaon the east coast of Ireland, four stations for their rent to that prince's dominions; not long after, Derfleets, to which they gave Norse names, still retained mod and the Earl, leaving a garrison in Waterford,

·

marched to the north, and besieged and captured part to the Anglo-Norman government of the conDublin; and, at the setting in of winter, Dermod quered portions of Ireland a tolerable degree of returned to Ferns, and the Earl to Waterford. In consolidation and influence. "He despoiled some October 1171, Henry II., at the head of about 500 of the Irish of their lands, and parcelled them knights, and 4,000 soldiers, landed in person at Wa- among his followers; the revenues appropriated to terford. A Danish lord, it is said, drew chains the defence of the country be bestowed upon his across the harbour, and endeavoured to impede the courtiers, who wasted them in riot and extravadisembarkation; but Henry saw the obstacle easily gance; he thus disgusted his friends, and weakened and speedily removed; and he entered Waterford, his own resources; and the example of indolence not as a conqueror, but as an acknowledged sove- and debauchery being followed by the army, everyreign. While he remained here, he received the thing seemed to portend the ruin of the English formal renunciation of the conquered districts from interests." Henry II., informed of these disorders, Earl Strongbow, obtained the acknowledged sub- recalled John before the close of the year, and commission of the people of Wexford and Cork, appoint-mitted the government to the active and experienced ed governors over the fortified towns, and granted soldier, John de Courcey. In 1211, after he had sat to the citizens of Waterford many privileges which upwards of 11 years upon the throne, and had were afterwards confirmed to them by succeeding specially directed his attention to the condition of monarchs. At the end of about six months-during Waterford in particular, and to that of Ireland in which he proceeded to Lismore, and received the general, John arrived again at Waterford, with the submission of the nobles and other chief men of intention of settling the disturbances which had arisen Munster-he prepared to return to England; and during his absence; and, while here, he made perprevious to his departure, he assigned the govern-sonal visits to many parts of the country, attended inent of the city to three of his most zealous parti- by a large body of knights and soldiers,—and, in sans, set apart lands in the vicinity for the mainte- particular, he made repeated journeys to Cork, and nance of knights and soldiers, and adopted other such had a large building erected near Clashmore, at precautionary measures as he thought desirable for the which his cavalcade on these journeys might halt, preservation and consolidation of his interests. Yet and the ruins of which still exist. See CLOUGH. historians have remarked, that he probably did not His place of residence in Waterford stood on the acquire one true subject by means of any of his mea- site now occupied by the Widows' Apartments in sures, or during the whole period of his stay. Cathedral-square; and some of its vaults and foundations were dug up by the workmen while preparing the ground for the present edifice. During his stay, he founded the priory of St. John, and made a large addition to the city; and some of the walls which surrounded this addition are still, or were quite recently, in existence. In 1252, and again about 30 years later, Waterford was destroyed by fire. In October 1394, Richard II. landed at Waterford, at the head of an army of 4,000 men-atarms, and 30,000 archers, and attended by the Duke of Gloucester, the Earl of Nottingham, and other distinguished noblemen; but he does not seem to have contemplated any object worthy of so great an expedition; and, after a stay of nine months, during which he received many flattering submissions from the natives, he returned to England. In May 1399, the same monarch again landed at Waterford, and was welcomed with every demonstration of joy; and he spent six days apparently in no other public occupa tion than receiving hollow professions of loyalty from the people. "The citizens," we are told, "were, at this time, mean and slovenly in their appearance, and exhibited in this respect, as well as in their dwellings, a degree of poverty and wretchedness which we should not have expected to find in so considerable a city." Yet Waterford appears not to have been a jot worse than Dublin and the other large towns. In 1461, a hostile rencounter occurred between the citizens of Waterford and the septs of the O'Hedriscolls and Powers. These septs, who were hereditary enemies of Waterford, having landed at Tramore, the mayor and citizens advanced in warlike manner, to give them battle. The contending parties met at Ballymacdane, when the invaders were entirely overthrown, 160 of them slain, and many of them taken prisoners. Among the captives was O'Hedriscoll-Öge, and six of his sons, who, with three of their gallies, were carried in triumph into Waterford. It is probably in memory of this victory, that three gallies are quartered in the arms of the city."

The wall which enclosed the triangular site of the city at the period of the Anglo-Norman invasion, ran in a westerly direction from Reginald's Tower, "and was terminated by Turgesius' Tower, which formerly stood at the corner of Barron-strand-street. From this tower, the wall forming the second side of the triangle proceeded in a southwardly direction, enclosing the Black friary, skirting, but not including, what was formerly the Boys' Blue School; from thence it crossed Peter-street, and ran to the castle, then called St. Martin's castle, situated at the rear of the Girls' Blue School. The third side of the triangle united St. Martin's castle with Reginald's Tower." But about the time of Henry II.'s visit to the city, or of his departure from it to England, very considerable additions were made to both the city itself and its fortifications. New walls were erected, the fortifications repaired, and gates and towers were superadded to the former defences. The new part comprehended the church, abbey, and street of St. John, New-street, St. Stephen's-street, St. Patrick's-street, and the churches of St. Stephen, St. Michael, and St. Patrick. On the west side of the city there were two gates, St. Patrick's and New-gate; to the south, Bowling-green-gate, called also Close-gate, and St. John's gate; to the south-east, St. Catherine's or Colbeck-gate; and to the north, there were several gates communicating with the quay and the river."

In April 1185, John, Earl of Morton, a favourite son of Henry II., to whom the latter wished to commit the superintendence of the affairs of Ireland, arrived at Waterford, attended by many nobles of England, and by a considerable force of knights and archers; and immediately after his arrival, he was waited on by many of the Irish chiefs, and regaled with demonstrations of a readiness on the part of a turbulent people, to submit to his authority. But John was then only 19 years of age, and was far from being distinguished by either constitutional strength of mind or acquired soundness of judgment; and in spite of being assisted by Giraldus Cambrensis and other learned men, he was utterly incompetent to assuage the tempest of conspiracy and bloodshed which had been desolating the kingdom, or to im

In 1487, when the impostor, Lambert Simnel, had been proclaimed king at Dublin, the citizens of Waterford peremptorily and strenuously opposed his usurpation and his purposes; during the general

zens of Waterford were duly appreciated by the monarch, who, in addition to other marks of favour, was pleased to honour them with two highly flattering letters," and who also, in compliance with a petition from the citizens, confirmed and enlarged the privileges of the city.

insurrection which followed, they remained steadily | apprehended. The loyalty and courage of the citiloyal; and when a great force of the usurper, headed by the Earl of Kildare, appeared against the city, and sent a menacing communication to the mayor, the citizens replied in defiance, and were prepared to make manful resistance to violence; but they had the happiness to see their enemy withdrawing without making assault or offering battle, and to know In 1520, the Earls of Ormond and Desmond were, that he was compelled to prosecute his adventure by the interposition of the Earl of Surrey, reconinto England, where it received a speedy and appro- ciled at Waterford. In 1536, Henry VIII., in ac priate termination. Soon after this event, Sir Rich-knowledgment of the distinguished loyalty of the ard Edgecombe, who was sent at the head of 500 citizens, sent by a special messenger, a gilt sword men to oblige the people of Ireland to renew their and a cap of maintenance, to be always carried before oaths of allegiance to England, and who landed in the mayor. The city of Waterford," remarks the prosecution of his mission at Kinsale, proceeded Rev. R. H. Ryland, in reference to this period, thence in a coasting voyage to Waterford to com- "was now a place of trade and consequence, enjoymend and confirm the loyalty of the citizens, and ing a regular government, and advancing every day was received and entertained with the most dis- in the improvements and decencies of civilized tinguished demonstrations of welcome. "In the society. We can now look back with complacency year 1497, it was again the good fortune of the upon the manners of those from whom many of the citizens of Waterford to manifest their loyalty to citizens of the present day are descended, and from the king; for which, among other honours, they whom the general character of the people may be received the following motto: Intacta manet faintly traced; we have an interest in their courage Waterfordia. On this occasion, they communicated and loyalty, and are proud or humbled as we read of to his majesty the intelligence of the arrival of their good fortunes, or dwell upon the reverses, which Perkin Warbeck at Cork, and assured him of their it was the lot of their city to experience. The folloyalty and affection. An opportunity was now lowing description of the then citizens of Waterford, afforded them to prove the sincerity of their pro- written about 250 years since, may serve to show fessions and the extent of their devotion, for imme- whether the present generation have improved upon diately on his landing, the whole strength of the the manners of those who preceded them :-The rebel force was directed against Waterford. Perkin aire of Waterford is not verie subtill, yea nathelesse Warbeck and Maurice Earl of Desmond, with an the sharpnesse of their wittes seemeth to be nothing army of 2,400 men, advanced to the city, and on the rebated or duld by reason of the grossenesse of the 23d of July prepared to invest it; this force was aire. For in good sooth the townesmen, and nameintended to assault the western division, while a lie students are pregnant in conceiving, quicke in fleet of eleven ships, which arrived at Passage, was taking, and sure in keeping. The citizens are verie ordered to engage from the river; there was also a heedie and warie in all their publike affaires, slow body of troops landed from the fleet, who were to in the determining of matters of weight, loving to proceed in the direction of Lumbard's marsh and co- looke yer they leape. In choosing their magistrate, operate with the land forces. To prevent the junc- they respect not onlie his riches, but also they tion of these two divisions, the ponds of Kilbarry weigh his experience. And therefore they elect for were kept full, the besieged having raised a large their maior neither a rich man that is yoong, nor an mound of earth to stop the course of the river which old man that is poore. They are cheerfull in the flows from Kilbarry into the Suir. The necessary interteinment of strangers, hartie one to another, preparations being completed, the siege was vigor- nothing given to factions. They loue no idle benchously commenced, and carried on for eleven days whistlers, nor lurkish faitors: for yoong and old with great zeal and activity. In the many skir- are wholie addicted to thriuing, the men commonlie Inishes and sorties which took place, the citizens to traffike, the women to spinning and carding. As were generally victorious, and routed or captured they distill the best aqua vitæ, so they spin the their opponents. In the field, the citizens covered choicest rug in Ireland.' themselves with glory; but it is to be regretted that after the fight their valiant hearts had no touch of pity; on one occasion, when, after a successful sortie in which they committed great slaughter, they returned to the city with a numerous band of prisoners, they carried them to the market-place, chopped off their heads, and fastened them on stakes, as trophies of their victory. Their valour and the dread of their cruelty could no longer be resisted; the besieged became the assailants; the enemy were repulsed in every direction; and what served to insure the victory of the citizens, the cannon planted on Reginald's Tower, after many days hard firing, beat in the side of one of the ships, when the entire crew perished. The enemy disheartened by all these untoward occurrences, and fearing to awake the vengeance of the enraged citizens, raised the siege, and on the night of the 3d of August, retreated to Ballycasheen; from thence they proceeded to Passage, where Perkin Warbeck embarked and fled to Cork. The citizens pursued him with four ships, and, after an eager chase, followed him to Cornwall, where he landed. When this intelligence reached the king, who was then at Exeter, he ordered the pursuit to be continued, and Perkin was at length

In 1569, while the Lord-deputy Sidney lay en. camped at Clonmel, and expected to be attacked by a body of insurgents who had recently ravaged the country and besieged Kilkenny, he requested the citizens of Waterford to assist him with a few soldiers during three days; but they instantly refused to comply with his request, and excused themselves on the ground of the privileges enjoyed by their city. In 1575, the Lord-deputy Sidney, when on a progress at the head of about 600 horsemen and footmen to quell the disturbances which arose out of the disputes of the Earls of Ormond and Desmond, made a visit to Waterford, and was clamorously welcomed and magnificently entertained; yet, when expressing his satisfaction at the present demonstration of loyalty, smartly twitted the citizens upon their deficiency in that commodity when he requested their aid at Clonmel. In 1579, the Lord-deputy Drury, who had succeeded Sir Henry Sidney, sought repose in Waterford for the recovery of his health, conferred the honour of knighthood on the mayor, and died in the city before the close of the year. Early in 1580, Sir William Pelham, who had been appointed Lordjustice on the death of Sir William Drury, came southward from Dublin to visit the cities of Mun

uniformly the sufferers or the victims. It would seem that the native Irish had for a time recovered the possession of the greater part of Munster; which, after an obstinate struggle with the overwhelming power of England, they were again obliged to relinquish. The city of Waterford and the towns of Dungarvan and Lismore, were nominally in the interest of the government of the country, but their loyalty was merely enforced; there was no reciprocity of interest, and therefore no common feeling existed between them as plainly appeared on the occa sion of the cessation of hostilities (for it does not deserve the name of peace) which was agreed on in 1646. This measure was violently opposed by the citizens of Waterford, who imagined that the interests of their religion would be compromised by their adoption of the treaty. The heralds sent from Dublin to proclaim the peace, were treated with every indignity; they were unable to discover the mayor's house, until they prevailed on a little boy, by a bribe of sixpence, to show it to them; and after a fruitless delay of ten days, they were obliged to retire from Waterford without accomplishing their errand."

ster, and was met at Ballyhack by the mayor of Waterford, and conducted with much parade and pageantry to the city; and when here, he learned from the Earl of Ormond that the Earl of Desmond was making a hostile advance, and had arrived at Dungarvan. A detachment of 400 foot and 100 horse was immediately despatched from Waterford to the Lord-justice, to oppose the foe; but the force of the insurgents continuing to increase, a special commission was directed to Sir Warham St. Leger, authorizing him to proceed according to the course of martial law against all offenders, as the nature of their crimes might deserve; provided the parties were not worth forty shillings yearly in land or annuity, or ten pounds in goods. He was also empowered to enter into terms with the rebels, and to grant them protection for ten days; to apprehend and execute all idle persons taken by night; to live at free quarters wherever he went; and, by way of check upon this monstrous power, he was required every month to certify the number and the offences of persons whom he should order to be put to death. The Lord-justice, after he had rested about three weeks at Waterford, removed to Clonmel, and from thence to Limerick." In May 1603, the Lord-deputy In the latter part of 1649, Cromwell, after per. Mountjoy, believing that the turbulent condition of sonally or by his generals taking Dublin, Drogheda, Munster required his presence, and probably some Wexford, New-Ross, and Carrick-on-Suir, and after chastisement, came southward from Dublin at the overawing other towns and the country at large by head of a numerous army, arrived at Grace-Dieu, the terror of his name, and the vigour of his career, within the liberties of Waterford, and there sum- proceeded to attack or to invest Waterford. His moned the mayor to receive him and his army into army, on disembarking in Ireland, had amounted to the city; he received for answer, that the citizens 8,000 foot and 4.000 horse, but it had since been so were exempted, by a charter of King John, from seriously reduced by both warfare and the climate giving quarter to soldiers, and therefore would not that it now amounted to only 5,000 foot and 2,500 open their gates to his army; he then threatened horse; yet so profound was the dread which their that if the gates were not speedily opened, he would very name inspired, that the citizens of Waterford, beat them down, cut King John's charter to pieces, though well prepared to offer resistance, and though and level the city with the ground; and he was im- strengthened by a reinforcement of 1,500 sent under mediately obeyed, and, passing into the city, received General Ferral from the Marquis of Ormond, were the submission of the citizens, imposed on them an disposed to submit without waiting the assault, and oath of renewed allegiance, and stationed a garrison actually sent to Ormond to consult as to the terms within their walls to enforce their fidelity. After which they should ask as the price of a surrender. the accession of James I., Waterford, though deeply The Marquis, however, remonstrated with them on sharing the silent insubordination which had become their poltroonery, encouraged them to offer a vigorgeneral in the kingdom, was one of the first cities in ous resistance, predicted the high probability of their Ireland to pay the taxes which James arbitrarily im- compelling Cromwell to retire, assured them of a posed. In 1617, in consequence of the refusal of fair amount of assistance from without, and sucthe mayor to take the oath of supremacy, the liber- ceeded in stimulating them to firmness and courage. ties and public revenues of Waterford were seized "Waterford was a walled and fortified town; and by the Earl of Thomond and Sir William Jones, though badly situated in case of a siege according to Lord-chief-justice of Ireland, as commissioners; and, the improved practice of modern warfare, yet at the the civic magistrates persisting in their opposition, time of Cromwell's approach, it was sufficiently prothe city lost its charters, was destitute of regular tected by the batteries and works with which it was government for many years, and did not recover almost surrounded. The siege commenced on the possession of its privileges till 1626. In September 3d of October, 1649; Cromwell, in person, com1633, the Duke of Ormond left London on a Satur-manded the besieging army. After crossing the day at 4 o'clock, arrived at Bristol the same night, sailed thence on Sunday morning at 9 o'clock, and arrived at Waterford on Monday morning at 9 o'clock; and he thus performed a feat in travelling which the eulogists of modern stean achievements might be disposed to pronounce incredible.

"From the year 1640, until the arrival of Cromwell," remarks the Rev. Mr. Ryland, "the great rebellion and the circumstances preceding it, entirely engross the local as well as the general history of Ireland. These important events, the exciting causes of the insurrection, and its unfortunate results, are unsuitable to the present sketch; they demand the serious and dispassionate investigation of the historian, and do not admit of a hasty or superficial notice. Suffice it to observe, that the county and city of Waterford shared in the crimes and miseries of this unfortunate period; and, whatever be the cause in which the evil originated, the native Irish were

Suir, at Carrick, the enemy marched along the southern bank of the river, and approached the town on the north-west, but were deterred by the fort on Thomas's hill from occupying the heights of Bilberry Rock, a commanding situation then at a considerable distance from the city walls. The strength of the defences and the numerous batteries protected the town from assault, and compelled the parliamentary forces to have recourse to the tedious process of investment. The Marquis of Ormond, though deficient in money and military stores, and having lost many men by desertion, endeavoured to defend Waterford; and for this purpose, kept a body of troops on the opposite side of the river, prepared to co-operate with the citizens, and to take advantage of any favourable circumstances which might occur.' Though several acts of a serious by-play, particularly the capture of the town and fort of Passage, occurred in connection with the struggle at Water