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out of the land of the living " in the
morning of life. Who now shall give
an account of his race? "Who shall
declare his generation?" What name
or memorial hath he left in Israel?
Is there not one to mourn for him?
not one to bear his name to future
ages ? Yes, says
the Spirit, it is even
now, when his soul is made an offering
for sin, that " he shall see his seed,"
that he "shall prolong his days," and
that "the pleasure of the Lord shall
prosper
in his hand." "He shall see
of the travail of his soul, and be satis-
fied." He shall rejoice in a numerous
posterity that God shall give him—
the children of faith and love- the
children of the resurrection—of light
and life. For," I will divide him a
portion with the great, and he shall
divide the spoil with the strong, be-
cause he hath poured out his soul
unto death, and was numbered with
transgressors, and bare the sin of
many, and made intercession for the
transgressors."

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Through this offering God can be just in justifying the ungodly. Through his death, God has brought to light incorruptibility and life; and the greatest crime ever committed by man, has been made to us the richest blessing. 'Twas Satan's doing to instigate men to slay him. 'Twas the Lord's doing to destroy, through his death, him that had the power of death, and to deliver human souls from bondage. Let the earth rejoice and break forth into singing, for the grave shall not devour for ever, nor continue to rob us of our joys. Death itself is made to bring forth life, and the tomb becomes the chrysalis of immortality!

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And shall not we, then, who have known the love of God, approach with reverence to this subline mystery to these emblems of death; of that death which gives life. - the death of Jesus? Shall we, like the trembling attendants, stand afar off from Calvary? Shall we not rather, through the mocking crowd, or through the thick darkness that shrouds the

earth, approach the cross, that we may behold the Lamb of God, that taketh away the sin of the world? Shall we not draw near to Him, that we may be sprinkled with his blood, that speaketh better things than the blood of Abel's (sacrifice)? and that we, too, may ask, like His penitent fellow-sufferer, to be remembered when He cometh into his kingdom. R. R.

LETTERS FROM EUROPE.

NO. XXI.

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MY DEAR CLARINDA - There are yet many matters of interest to you and my readers in England, which I have not as yet noted. Before I pass over the Tweed, I will, therefore, note a few of the most interesting.

I informed you of my visit to Manchester, and of our labors in that busiest of human hives; but of the magnitude and population of that metropolis of manufactures I said nothing.

Situated some 200 miles from London, and some 30 from Liverpool, on the banks of the Irwell, having Salford on the other side, standing in the same relation to it as Southwark to London-two great boroughs-this very old town is a theatre of great importance to the world. It is the best development and illustration of the varied power of manufactures in creating wealth, and in changing the conditions of society in almost every point of view, that stands upon the map of the world.

This town, said by some writers to be centuries older than the Christian era, occupied but little space in the history of England itself, and as little conspicuity in the annals of Europe, until the era of manufactures by scientific power dawned upon its hitherto humble condition. In 1801 Manchester, in its thirteen townships, contained only 81,290 souls. Salford, on the other side of the river, in its four townships, 18,525; and Chorlton, in its sixteen townships, 18,610.

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In 1841 they contained in all 351,142 | alone and its environs, in 1838, souls. years after, there was a In the year 1775 the entered report capital employed of £62,961,082, or of cotton from America to Liverpool | 304,611,636 dollars and 88 cents. was 5 bags, and in twelve years there- The influence of so much capital so after it only grew into 108 bags in employed may be illustrated in many one year. In 1840 it amounted to ways. Take an example in a single 528,000,000 of pounds, or one million case: Sir Oswald Mosley, Bart. in the three hundred and forty thousand year 1890-1, sold for £28, or 135 dolbales ! lars per year, a certain lot of land near the Infirmary, containing 2400 superficial yards. Transient buildings

To manufacture this enormous amount of cotton in one year a corresponding increase of power looms and all other apparatus is naturally to be expected. From the statistics that have fallen under my eye, from the invention of the power loom in 1775 till now, there has been a constant annual increase in the English empire of the number of looms employed. In 1813 there were only 2400; in 1835, 115,801; now, more than 150,000 power looms in the empire.

Mills also have increased in corresponding ratios. In the district of which Manchester is the centre, there are 1164 mills; of these there are those that work 69 hours per week, 887; less than 69, there are 139; not at work in 1843, there were 138. The horse power in steam is equal to 35,901, and in water to 3994. Employed and unemployed in steam and in water, there is more than 48,000 horse power devoted to cotton, and this gives actual employment to more than 200,000 persons, and supports almost 1,500,000 of human beings, including the various trades connected with these establishments, and all the old and infirm persons and children depending upon the actual operants!

To form an adequate idea of this great manufacturing capital, it must be noted that in 1831, in twelve American States: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia-there were in all 801 mills, 33,432 looms, and 77,457,316 lbs. of cotton consumed, employing in capital 49,612,984 dollars. In Manchester

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were occasionally put upon it, but when last sold they had all been cleared away. In twenty years it was again sold for £5000, more than 25,000 dollars. In a few years afterwards it sold for 11,000 guineas. In 1841 it was sold for £25,500, or 125,000 dollars. The buildings on the premises being all removed by the last purchaser shows that the price paid was for the land itself, or for the site; and thus in fifty years it has increased about sixty fold!

But what is the financial, moral, and religious condition of the manufacturing population? This is a question of profound interest to even the political economist-much more to the philanthropist and the Christian. We, indeed, saw little of it-talked little about it; but were so curious on the subject as to gather up the best printed statistice of their condition we could find on the spot. Into these you would not expect me to enter with any great interest or at great length. A few facts and a few hints must, then, suffice for the present.

Within a radius of twelve miles around Manchester it is said there are one million of human beings, of which the much greater proportion is engaged, directly or indirectly, in manufactures. First, then, as respects their wages or means of subsistence.

So late as June, 1842, from statistical reports of high authority we learned that in the cotton spinning mills, employing some 4500 or 5000 hands, the wages for boys and girls, young men and young women, range

according to the kind of employment. Boys and girls, from 5 to 7 shillings per week; young men and women, from 8 to 9; a few men and women, from 12 to 13 shillings per week. Piecers, as they are called, persons who work by the piece, make more wages, especially mule spinners. In one mill in Manchester, employing 959 persons, and spinning very fine numbers only, the average weekly earnings of each person were, in December, 1841, 11s. 3d. In another mill, working 357 persons, the weekly earnings of each person at the same time were 9s. 6d. These were comparatively good times.

But often manufacturers are obliged to work their mills every day at a certain loss. For example, there are some mills standing idle at an expense of £7000 a year. There is one in Manchester which emyloys a thousand hands, and were it to stand idle for a year, its wear and tear, interest on capital, and expenses to supervise it, would amount to 7000 pounds sterling per annum. Of course, then, it is better to work it all the year at a loss of £6500 than to let it stand idle at a loss of £7000. Such occurrences oblige a reduction of wages, and greatly afflict the operatives.

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The usual hours of employment for clerks and operatives in most of the factories and business houses, vary from twelve to sixteen hours a day. The ordinary cotton factory hands are now reduced to sixty-nine hours per week, or eleven and a half hours per diem.

It is confidently asserted that the morality of the manufacturing population of Manchester is at par with that of the same number of persons living in the small towns and villages -nay, even in the country itself. Of this matter, of course, I can say nothing from my own observation. But from the statistics and published reports of the circumstances of the manufacturing population that have

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Of this number, 27,381 were found to be

comfortable, and 10,443 uncomfortable. The average weekly rent paid for these 37,724 dwellings was 2s. 11d. per week, making an annual rental of two hundred and eighty-six thousand and seventy-three dollars.

More than one third were uncomfortable! That is, somewhat above 60,000 persons were living in miserable abodes-most likely similar to those just described. In the cellars enumerated, upwards of 18,000 people were abodes, would excite no emotions but those of To depict the misery of their pain.

crammed!

There exist also in Manchester, many low lodging houses, which are graphically described in a pamphlet recently published. The author

says

'Let the reader imagine himself introduced into a damp cellar, or dark and dirty garret, where he sees as many beds as it will hold, (from six to fourteen in number) ranged side by side, and closely adjoining one another; that in each of these beds he discovers from two to

four persons. of either sex, and of all ages and characters, who are, however, hidden from his view by the mass of clothes taken from those in bed, and now hanging on lines in various form some conception of the scene which a directions about the apartment, and he will lodging house at first view presents. Let him imagine that the temperature is at a fever heat, owing to the total absence of all means of ventilation, and in consequence of so many persons breathing and being crowded together in so small a space; let him imagine himself assailed by a disgusting, faint, and sickening effluvia, to which the pure breath of heaven is a paradise, and he may then conceive the effects produced, on entering these crowded about them. dormitories, by the vapor and steam floating

Let him remember that the bed

linen is rarely changed-once in six monthsand that in these beds, meanwhile, have been located an ever changeful race of diseased and him imagine these beds to be likewise infested sick, as well as convalescent persons; and let with all manner of vermin, and he will form a conception, far short, however, of the reality of

the horrible spectacle presented, not by one, but by many hundred lodging-houses in Manchester.'

"The reduction in the rate of wages of the operative, is strikingly exhibited in the following extract. The Chairman of the Anti-CornLaw Conference, held in 1841, puts the following question to an operative named Moore:'Can you tell the difference between the rate of wages now, and in 1815 ?' This is the reply. Moore- It is impossible for me to mention all the different fabrics of works, but I will take one-the hundred reed. In 1775, the hundred reed was paid 1s. and 8d. In 1800, it was 1s. and 4d.; in 1812, it was 10d.; and in 1815, it was 9d. What was it in the year 1816? It was fourpence halfpenny. The corn laws were put on then. Very well, what is it now? Twopence farthing, or less. I was out of employ for three months this summer; and I have got a warp of the same sort as I was speaking of fifty yards for ten shillings. It will take a fortnight to do it; I cannot do it under; there is threepence to go out of every shilling, which leaves me 3s. 9d. a week. I have not got, on an average, for these four years, 3s. 6d. a week, one week with another. But still I live; and there are people far worse situated than I am. Suppose I had a wife and three or four children, how were they to he kept out of that? Hundreds there are who are so situated. How they live, I cannot tell. They do not live-they only exist on water

gruel and dry potatoes. It is starvation and

nothing else.

"The Rev. Mr. Watson asked, Does it take as much time to weave a piece now as it did at the period referred to!' Moore: 'I find the

twist to be worse now than in the year 1815; it was very good in 1815; it is now very bad; consequently it is more difficult to weave a piece now than it was then. I have been a weaver fifty-three years. I began weaving

cotton when it was in its infancy; and I can trace the price from that time until now.'' But that you may not think that these are extreme cases, or that Manchester is, in these respects, worse than many other places in Great Britain, I will state a few facts gathered on my travels in other places. From a Report on Mining Operations," published about the same time, I will give a few short extracts. 1st. Colleries. "I wish to

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call the attention of the Board to the pits about Brampton. The seams are so thin that some of them have but two feet headway to all the working. They are worked altogether by boys from 8 to 12 years of age, on all fours, with a dog-belt and chain. The passages are neither ironed nor wooded, and often an inch or two thick with mud. In Mr. Barne's pit these poor boys have to drag the barrows with a

hundred weight of coal or slack, sixty times a day, sixty yards, and the empty barrow back, without once straightening their backs, unless they choose to stand under the shaft, and risk having their head broken by a falling coal," p. 67.

In these pits there are frequent visits of the "choke damp," "wild fire," sulphur and water," that often occasion instant death to their unhappy inmates. Pits are worked in Shropshire only twenty inches deep. Children are frequently put to work here at 5 and 6 years old, in some form. Eight and nine years is the common time of commencement. The wages paid are, in our currency, from 2 dol. 50 cent. per month to 7 dol. 50 cent. according to age and ability.

In the calico printing establishment children are employed from the age of five years, and so ne are kept at work 12 to 14 hours per day. (This is put an end to by the Ten Hours' Bill.)

From Lord Brougham's speech, July 11th, 1842, we quote one passage declarative of much that we learned from various sources. His Lordship says, "There have been found such occurrences as 7, 8, and 10 persons in one cottage, I cannot say for one day, but for whole days, without a morsel of food. They have remained in their beds of straw for two successive days, under the impression that in a recumbent posture the pangs of hunger are less felt."

As to education and morals, we are in possession of still more melancholy facts; many of which are so frightful and appalling as to forbid their inscription upon these pages. At a public examination to ascertain the intellectual and moral attainments of some of these miners and manufacturers, the following answers were given. Robert Churchillow, aged 16, "I do not know any thing of Moses." "I never heard of France." "I do not know what America is." heard of Scotland or Ireland.” “Cant tell how many weeks make a year." 'There are twelve pence in a shilling, and twenty shillings in a pound,” and eight pints in a gallon of ale." Ann Eggley. "I walk about and get fresh air on Sundays." go to church or chapel." heard of Christ at all."

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66

"Never

"I never

"I never

From answers given by others I extracted, I will quote only two or three :-"The Lord sent Adam and "I Eve on earth to save sinners.” dont know who made the world;"

"I never heard about God." "I dont know Jesus Christ-I never saw him; but I have seen Foster who prays for him."

licans ?"

Enough! and more than enough, you will say. And yet these are among the people who declaim against "American Slavery;" who tell us of "the half-fed, over-wrought, and uneducated three millions of African slaves owned by American RepubI apologize for neither American nor English slavery, starvation, oppression, nor ignorance. They are all beyond the pale of my communion; but certainly there is occasion, good and relevant, for reminding our trans-atlantic brethren of an old proverb, which, it would seem, is either not in their Bible, or not read by them—“ Physician, heal thyself." I will not tell you of Temperance Societies in Manchester, or of churches and church-going people. Of these I learned but little; but that Temperance Societies are much wanting, we had many proofs. Intemperance in ale-drinking and in strong drink is a tremendous curse almost e ery where in England and Scotland. apparent

All that enter into the bands of matrimony are obliged, at least once in their lives, to go to church. It would appear from some of our readings that very many of those who attend church on these occasions are decidedly not a church-going people. An extract from a "Home Tour through the Manufacturing Districts, in the summer of 1835, by Sir George Head," will intimate something of this sort

“I attended the Old Church at Manchester one Monday morning, in order to witness the solemnization of several marriages I had reason to suppose were then and there to take place. I had heard on the preceding Sunday the banns proclaimed as follows:- For the first time of asking, sixty-five; for the second time, seventytwo; for the third time, sixty. Total, one hundred and ninety-seven.

"Having been informed that it would be expedient to be on the spot at eight in the morning, I repaired thither at that hourOperations, however, did not commence before

ten.

The latter is the usual time of proceeding to business, although, in cases of persons married by licence eight o'clock is the hour.

"When all was ready and the church doors opened, the clergyman and clerk betook themselves to the vestry; and the people who were about to be married, and their friends, seated the communion table, on benches which were themselves in the body of the church, opposite placed there for the purpose. Not less than fifty people were assembled, among whom I took my seat quietly, without being noticed. A party who had arrived in a narrow vis-a-vis fly, most exclusively paraded in the mean time up and down (as if unwilling to identify themselves with the humbler candidates of matrimony) in another part of the church. The people at first took their seats in solemn silence, each one inquisitively surveying his neighbor; but preparation, the men first began to whisper one as the clergyman and clerk were some time in to another, and the women to titter, till by degrees they all threw off their reserve, and made audible remarks on the new comers. There but of the men, poor fellows! some were seriously was little mauvais honte among the women; abashed; while among the hymeneal throng there seemed to prevail a sentiment that obtains pretty generally among their betters-namely, the inclination to put shy people out of conceit

with themselves. Thus, at the advance of a sheepish-looking bridegroom, he was inmediately assailed on all sides with, 'Come in man; what art afraid of? Nobody'l hurt thee.' And then a general laugh went round in a repressed tone, but quite sufficient to confound and subdue the new comer.

"Presently a sudden buzz broke out --"The clergyman's coming,' and all was perfectly silent. About twelve couples were to be married,-the rest were friends and attendants. The former were called upon to arrange themselves all together round the altar. The clerk was an adept in his business, and performed the duties of his office in a mode admirably calculated to set the people at their ease and direct the proceedings. addressed each in an intonation of voice parIn appointing them to their proper places, he ticularly soft and soothing, and which carried with it more of encouragement, as he made use of no appellative but the Christian name Daniel and Phoebe; this way, Daniel; take off of the person spoken to. Thus he proceeded:— your gloves, Daniel. William and Anne; no, Anne; here, Anne; t'other side, William. John and Mary; here, John; oh! John.' And then addressing them altogether,Now, all of you, give your hats to some person to hold.' Although the marriage service appeared to me to be generally addressed to the whole party, the clergyman was scrupulously exact in obtaining the accurate responses from each individual.”

Amongst the benevolent institutions of Manchester, we notice of great importance"The Society for promoting National Edu

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