ernment, committing piracy upon our commerce, confiscating Northern property to the amount of hundreds of millions of dollars, and plunging the country into all the horrors of civil war, why, of course, they are pirates-they are swindlersthey are traitors of the deepest dye! Let me tell you one thing, and that is, they are just as good as they ever were. They are just as honest, just as honorable, and just as Christian as they ever were. Circumstances alter cases, you know. While they were robbing four millions of God's despised children of a different complexion from our own, stripping them of all their rights, selling them in lots to suit purcha sers, and trafficking in their blood, they were upright, patriotic, Christian gentlemen! Now that they have interfered with us and our rights, have confiscated our property, and are treasonably seeking to establish a rival confederacy, they are downright villains and traitors, who ought to be hanged by the neck until they are dead. No, my friends, no stain of blood rests on the garments of the abolitionists. They have endeavored to prevent the awful calamity which has come upon the nation, and they may wash their hands in innocency, and thank God that in the evil day they were able to stand. This fearful state of things is not of men; it is of Heaven. As we have sowed, we are reaping. The whole cause of it is declared in the memorable verse of the prophet: "Ye have not hearkened unto me in proclaiming liberty, every man to his brother, and every man to his neighbor: behold, I proclaim a liberty for you, saith the Lord, to the sword, to the pestilence, and to the famine." That is the whole story. This is the settlement day of God Almighty for the unparal leled guilt of our nation; and if we desire to be saved, we must see to it that we put away our sins, "break every yoke, and let the oppressed go free," and thus save our land from ruin.- William Lloyd Garrison, 1862.

THE SOUTH MUST BE ANNIHILATED.

WE are accustomed to use the words North and South familiarly in times like these. They once meant the land toward the pole and the land toward the sun. They have a deeper significance at present. By the North I mean the civilization of the nineteenth century; I mean that equal and recognized manhood up to which the race has struggled by the toils and battles of nineteen centuries; I mean free speech, free types, open Bibles-the welcome rule of the majority*

I mean the Declaration of Independence! And by the South, I mean likewise a principle, and not a locality; an element of civil life in fourteen rebellious States. I mean an element which, like the days of Queen Mary and the Inquisition, cannot tolerate free speech, and punishes it with the stake. I mean the aristocracy of the skin, that considers the Declaration of Independence a delusion, and democracy a snarethat one-third of the race are born booted and spurred, and the other two-thirds ready saddled for that third to ride. I mean a civilization which prohibits the Bible by statute to every sixth man of its community, and puts a matron in a felon's cell for teaching a black sister to read. I mean the intellectual, social, aristocratic South-the thing that manifests itself by barbarism and the bowie-knife, by bullying and Lynch-law, by ignorance and idleness, by the claim of one man to own his brother, by statutes making it penal for the State of Massachusetts to bring an action in her courts, by statutes, standing on the books of Georgia to-day, offering five thousand dollars for the head of William Lloyd Garrison. That South is to be annihilated. This country will never know peace nor Union until the South, (using the word in the sense I have described) is annihilated, and the North is spread over it! It is a conflict which will never have an end until one or the other elements subdues its rival. Therefore we should be, like the South, penetrated with an idea, and ready with fortitude and courage to sacrifice everything to that idea. Why, no man can fight Stonewall Jackson, an honest fanatic on the side of slavery, but John Brown, an equally honest fanatic on the other. They are only chemical equals, and will neutralize each other. You cannot neutralize nitric acid with cologne water. You cannot hurl William H. Seward at Jeff. Davis.

When England conquered the Highlands, she held themheld them until she could educate them; and it took a generation. That is just what we have to do with the South; annihilate the old South, and put a new one there. You do not annihilate a thing by abolishing it. You must supply the Vacancy. In the Gospel, when the chambers were swept and garnished, the devils came back, because there were no angels there. And if we should sweep Virginia clean, Jeff. Davis would come back with seven other devils worse than himself, if he could find them, and occupy it, unless you put free institutions there.

Some men say, begin it by exporting the blacks. If you do, you export the very fulcrum of the lever; you export the very best material to begin with. The nation that should

shovel down the Alleghanies, and then build them up again, would be a wise nation compared with the one that should export four million blacks, and then import four million of Chinese to take their places. To dig a hole, and then fill it up again, to build a wall for the purpose of beating out your brains against it, would be Shakesperian wisdom compared with such an undertaking. Colonize the blacks! A man might as well colonize his hands; or, when the robber enters his house, he might as well colonize his revolver. What we want is systematic national action. Never until we welcome the negro, the foreigner, all races as equals, and, melted together in a common nationality, hurl them all at despotism, will the North deserve triumph, or earn it at the hands ofa just God.

But the North will triumph. I hear it. Do you remem ber that disastrous siege in India, when the Scotch girl raised her head from the pallet of the hospital, and said to the sickening hearts of the English, "I hear the bagpipes; the Campbells are coming!" And they said, "Jessie, it is delirium." "No, I know it; I heard it far off." And in an hour the pibroch burst upon their glad ears, and the banner of England floated in triumph over their heads. So I hear in the dim distance the first notes of the jubilee rising from the hearts of the millions. Soon, very soon, you shall hear it at the gates of the citadel, and the stars and stripes shall guarantee liberty forever, from the lakes to the gulf! Wendell Phillips, 1863.

EFFECT OF THE WAR ON THE NATIONAL COURAGE.

I.

THE nation needed a reinvigoration of its courage, and the war has brought it. The privations of camp life, the hardships and fatigues of transportation, the perils of exposure, hunger, pestilence, the terrors of the battle-field, and the more gloomy probabilities of capture by a ruthless and vindictive foe-all these must be faced, and with the necessity came the spirit and the men to meet it; and the stern but profitable trial which at first was limited to the ready and the forward-the bravest and most generous of us_all-the exigencies of an impending draft have brought home to every household and to every bosom. And what must be the result? Where there were tens at the beginning of the

war, I presume there are hundreds now-and I trust there will be tens of thousands ere its close-who would not hesitate, at the call of God, to take their lives in their hands, and go forth to the post of danger; who, for a righteous cause, could look death itself in the eye with an unmoved nerve, retaining coolness to direct and strength to strike the needed blow.

It remains to be seen whether, in this baptism of blood, the moral courage of the nation shall also get renewedwhether, as a people, we shall gain strength at last to face the tremendous moral issues which underlie this outward agitation; questions from which we have shrunk too long, and with a pitiable timidity-dodging behind compromises and party traditions, hushing up discussion, ever striving to shift our responsibility to other shoulders-but from which it seems now the purpose of God that we, the people, shall escape no longer.

Slavery-slavery-SLAVERY-O do not tremble and turn pale at the word! it is one with which we must grow familiar. AMERICAN SLAVERY—why should all the world but Americans be free to utter the word, and fearless to discuss the thing? SLAVERY-the stalking-horse (I grant) of radicals and agitators—the bugbear of timid conservatives-the "little joker" of political tricksters and demagogues; but still, SLAVERY, the question of the generation-the touchstone of our political wisdom and virtue-the crime hitherto and the curse of the republic-the hinge, therefore, on which God will make its future destiny to turn-have we courage at last to look it calmly in the face? have we moral strength enough to work out and adopt a policy concerning it, which shall be at once right and safe, humane and wise, dutiful to God and just to all men?

The question is upon you, my countrymen. It is a question for the men of this generation to decide; and all the signs of these terrible times summon you to a brave discharge of the duty. Either before this war is ended or as soon as it is ended, you must act; and what tongue can tell the magnitude of the issues which will then turn on this single pivot, whether you dare to DO RIGHT! Have you the moral courage to obey the inspirations of reason and the Word of God, regardless of what you know to be unworthy and base? Have you the courage to go away from the counting-house, away from the committee-room-to go forth from the pestilential atmosphere of a corrupt artificial society, and to decide upon the nation's, duty, and your own, under the pure face of heaven and in the light of God's eter

nities? Will you dare to forget commercial and political expediency, and all material interests, in settling a question of honor and right? Will you be bold enough to ignore old party issues, to break the bonds of party fealty, to disregard and (if needs be) discard your party leaders, who-many of them spoiled by a bad political education, and all of them at their wits' end in this appalling crisis-must now be instructed and newly inspired by you? And, having thought the honest thought, will you dare to speak the manly word, no matter who may tremble or who may frown at your temerity-speak it kindly and in the love of all men, but speak it frankly and firmly and fully, with a fixed determination (God helping you) to do wrong to none, even the wickedest, and to withhold right from none, even the weakest of mankind!

II.

THE problem now in process of solution among us—the problem of American slavery-is a strangely complicated one, involving the conflicting interests of many different States, different races, different orders of men and classes in community. All are sensitive and jealous, and clamorous to be heard. But I am persuaded that the most important party in the controversy-the only party of any great account in the sight of God-is he who in the esteem of men is the meanest and the least of all, he who is most silent in the assertion of his own claims, and whose claims all others are most disposed to ignore I mean the negro, the object of universal odium and contempt, yet possessed of every essential human attribute, and every essential human right, and therefore fittest of all to be selected by God as the test of our faith in Him, and in the great principles of impartial justice, of which we claim to be the especial champions among men.

Tried by this test, how much or how little of moral courage shall we be found to possess? Dare we, in the adjustment of this question-Oh! dare we treat the negro practically as what we in theory acknowledge him to be, a man and a brother? as, in all essential respects, our equal before God and our own laws? The poor negro-the mean, the ignorant, the low, lazy, lying negro-the heir of an inferior organization, (I do not question it,) the degraded victim of the lust and tyranny of a more powerful race-do we dare to acknowledge that we discern in him the image of the eternal God, sharing with us in the moral ruins of the fall, and embraced on the same terms with us in the glorious sweep of