recovering, encouraged his routed troops, and drove the enemy back into the citadel. But, while the two nations were thus fiercely contending, the women, for whose cause the war had been commenced, undertook the office of mediators; and, having obtained leave from the senate, marched in a body to the camp of the Sabines, where they pleaded the cause of their husbands so effectually that a treaty of union between the two nations was set on foot, and a peace was at last concluded, on the following terms-1. That the two kings should reside and reign jointly at Rome. 2. That the city should still, from Romulus, be called Rome, but the inhabitants Quirites, a name till then peculiar to the Sabines. 3. That the two nations should become one; and that the Sabines should be made free in Rome, and enjoy all the privileges of Roman citizens. As Rome was chiefly indebted for this increase of her power and splendor to the Sabine women, honorable privileges and marks of distinction were allowed them. Every one was commanded to give way to them; in capital causes they were exempted from the jurisdiction of the ordinary judges; and their children were allowed to wear a golden ball hanging from their necks, and a particular kind of robe called prætexta, to distinguish them. The two kings reigned with great harmony for five years; during which time the only military exploit they accomplished was the reduction of the city of Cameria, at a small distance from Rome. 4000 of the Camerini were transplanted to Rome, and a Roman colony sent to repeople Cameria; soon after which the Sabine king was murdered by the Lavinians on account of his granting protection to some of his friends, who had ravaged their territories. The Lavinians, fearing the resentment of Romulus, delivered up the assassins into his hand; but he sent them back unpunished which gave occasion to suspect that he was not displeased with the death of his colleague. Soon after the death of Tatius Rome was afflicted with famine and pestilence, which encouraged the Camerini to revolt ; but Romulus, marching against them suddenly, defeated them with the loss of 6000 men. After which he attacked the Fidenates, whose city stood about five miles, from Rome, took their capital, and made it a Roman province. This drew upon him the resentment of the Veientes, a powerful nation in the neighbourhood, who claimed Fidenæ as within their jurisdiction; but their forces being defeated in two engagements, and a great number of them taken prisoners, they were obliged to sue for peace. Romulus granted them a truce for 100 years, on condition that they delivered to him seven small towns on the Tiber, together with some salt pits near the mouth of that river, and sent fifty of their chief citizens as hostages to Rome. The prisoners taken in this war were all sold for slaves. The remaining part of the reign of Romulus was spent in making laws for the good of his people; but towards the end of nis reign he began to behave in an arbitrary manner. He paid no longer any regard to the senate, but assembled them only for form's sake to ratify his commands. The senate therefore conspired to destroy him, and accomplished their purpose

:

while he was reviewing his troops. A violen storm of hail and thunder dispersed the army; and the senators taking this opportunity, when they were left alone with the king, killed him, and conveyed his body out of sight. Some say that, to conceal the murder, they cut his body in pieces, each of them carrying away a part under his robe; after which they told the people that their king was on a sudden surrounded by flame, and snatched up into heaven. This did not satisfy the soldiery, and violent disturbances were about to ensue, when Julius Proculus, a senator of distinction, having assembled the curiæ, told them, with an oath, that Romulus had appeared to him, and enjoined him to acquaint the people that their king was returned to the gods from whom he originally came, but that he would continue to be propitious to them under the name of Quirinus.

Romulus reigned, according to the common computation, thirty-seven years; but some historians make his reign only about seventeen; and it seems unaccountable that nothing important should have been recorded of him during a period of twenty years. The death of Romulus was certainly followed by an interregnum, during which the senators, to prevent anarchy, seem to have taken the government into their own hands; and a portion of this may have been confounded with the reign of Romulus. Tatius had added another 100 to that body, and these 200 senators divided themselves into decuries or tens. These drew lots which should govern first; and the decury to whose lot it fell enjoyed the supreme authority for five days; yet in such a manner that one person only of the governing decury had the ensigns of sovereignty at a time. To these another decury succeeded, each of them sitting on the throne in his turn, &c. But the people, soon growing weary of such frequent changes of masters, obliged the senate to resolve on the election of a king. Some difficulties, however, occurred; the Romans did not choose to be subject to a Sabine; and the Sabines, as they had been subject to Romulus after the death of Tatius, insisted that the king should be chosen out of their nation. At last it was agreed that the king should be a Sabine, but that the Romans should make the choice. In consequence of this determination, the Romans elected Numa Pompilius, who had married Tatia, the daughter of Tatius. Numa, devoted entirely to philosophy and superstition, and wandering from solitude to solitude, had impressed the people with a great opinion of his sanctity: he at first rejected the offer of the kingdom; but, being at last prevailed upon, he set out for Rome, where he was received with loud acclamations, and had his election unanimously confirmed by the senate. His reign is not memorable for battles or conquests. He was averse to war; and made it his study to soften the manners of the Romans, rather than to exalt them to superiority over their neighbours. He dismissed the celeres, encouraged agriculture, and divided the citizens into distinct bodies of tradesmen, so as to abolish the distinction between Romans and Sabines. In this division the musicians held the first rank, be

cause they were employed in the office of religion. The goldsmiths, carpenters, curriers, dyers, taylors, &c., formed also distinct communities, and were allowed to make bye-laws among themselves, to have their own festivals, particular sacrifices, &c.-Numa is said to have had pretty just notions of the Supreme Being; he nevertheless added innumerable superstitions to those he found in Rome. He divided the ministers of religion into eight classes, appointing to each their office with the greatest precision; erected a temple to Janus, the symbol of prudence, which was to remain open in time of war, and to be shut in time of peace. Another temple was erected to Bona Fides; and he invented a new kind of deities called Dii Termini, or boundaries, which he caused to be placed on the borders of the Roman state, and of each man's particular lands.-The last reformation which Numa undertook was that of the kalendar. These are the most remarkable transactions of his reign, which is said to have continued forty-three years: though some think that its duration could not be above fifteen or sixteen.

Numa's death was followed by a short interregnum; after which Tullus Hostilius, the son or grandson of the famous Hersilia, was unanimously chosen king. Being of a bold and fiery temper, he did not long continue to imitate his peaceful predecessor. The Albans, indeed, soon gave him an opportunity of exercising his martial disposition. Cœlius, or Cluilius, who was at the head of the Alban republic, jealous of the growing greatness of Rome, privately commissioned some of the most indigent of his subjects to waste the Roman territory; in consequence of which a Roman army entered the territories of Alba, engaged the robbers, killed many, and took a great number prisoners. A war soon commenced, in consequence of this, between the two nations; but, when the armies came in sight of each other, their ardor cooled, neither of them seeming inclined to come to an engagement. This inaction raised a great discontent in the Alban army against Cluilius; insomuch that he came to a resolution of giving battle to the Romans next morning, or of storming their trenches if they should decline it. Next morning, however, he was found dead in his bed; after which the Albans chose in his stead Metius Fuffetius, a man remarkable for his hatred to the Roman name, as Cluilius had been before him. Fuffetius, however, continued in the same state of inactivity as his predecessor, until he received certain intelligence that the Veientes and Fidenates had resolved to destroy both Romans and Albans when they should be weakened by a battle. Fuffetius then resolved to come to an accommodation with the Romans; and, having obtained a conference with Tullus, both seemed equally desirous of avoiding the calamities of war. But, to establish the peace on the best foundation, Tullus proposed that the chief families in Alba should remove to Rome, or, if they were unwilling to leave Alba, that one common council should be established to govern both cities, under the direction of one of the two sovereigns. Fuffetius took aside those who attended him, to consult with them about the proVOL. XVIII.

posal; but they, though willing to come to an accommodation with Rome, absolutely refused to leave Alba. The only difficulty remaining, then, was to settle which city should have the superiority; and, as this could not be determined by argument, Tullus proposed to determine it by single combat betwixt himself and Fuffetius. This proposal, however, the Alban general declined; and it was at last agreed that three champions should be chosen out of each camp to decide the difference. This produced the famous combat between the Horatii and Curiatii, by which the sovereignty was decided in favor of Rome. See HORATII. Tullus now resolved to call the Fidenates to an account for their treacherous behaviour during the war with Alba, and therefore cited them to appear before the senate; but they refused to appear, and took up arms in conjunction with the Veientes. Fuffetius, in obedience to the orders of Tullus, joined him with the Alban troops; but the day before the battle he acquainted the principal officers with his design, which was to stand neuter till fortune had declared for one side, and then to join with the conqueror. This design being approved, Fuffetius, during the engagement, retired with his forces to a neighbouring eminence. Tullus perceived his treachery; but, dissembling his uneasiness, told his men that Fuffetius had possessed himself of that hill by his order, and that he was thence to rush down upon the enemy. The Veientes, in the mean time, were dismayed, and the Romans obtained the victory. After the battle, Tullus returned privately to Rome in the night; and, having consulted with the senate about the treachery of Fuffetius, returned to the camp by break of day. He then detached Horatius, who had conquered the three Curiatii, with a chosen body of horse and foot, to

demolish Alba, as had been concerted at Rome. In the mean time, he commanded both the Roman and Alban troops to attend him unarmed, but gave private orders to the Romans to bring their swords concealed under their garments. When they were assembled, he laid open the treachery of Fuffetius, and ordered him to be torn in pieces by horses. His accomplices were all put to the sword; and the inhabitants of Alba carried to Rome, where they were admitted to the privileges of citizens, and some of them even admitted into the senate. Tullus now turned his arms against Fidenæ, which he again reduced under the Roman yoke; and took Medulia, a strong city of the Latins; after which he waged a successful war with the Sabines, whose union with the Romans seems to have ceased with the time of Numa. This was the last of his martial exploits; after which we hear no more of him, but that he became extremely superstitious in his advanced years, giving ear to many foolish stories, and for which he appointed nine days expiatory sacrifices. As to the manner of his death authors are not agreed. Some tell us that he was killed by lightning, together with his wife, children, and his whole family; while others say that he was murdered with his wife and children by Ancus Martius. He died after a reign of thirty-three years, leaving the city greatly increased, but the dominions much the

2 Y

same as they had been in the time of Romulus. After a short interregnum, Ancus Martius, the grandson of Numa by his daughter Pompilia, and Numa Martius, his relation, was unanimously chosen by the people and senate. Though naturally inclined to war, he began his reign with attempting to restore the ceremonies of Numa, which had been neglected under Tullus Hostilius. He endeavoured also to draw the attention of his people to husbandry and the peaceful arts; advising them to lay aside all sorts of violence, and to return to their former employments. This gained him the affection of his subjects, but brought upon him the contempt of the neighbouring nations. The Latins, pretending that their treaty with Rome was expired, made inroads into the Roman territories. Ancus, after using the ceremonies directed by Numa, took the field with an army consisting entirely of new levied troops, and reduced the cities of Politorium, Tillena, and Ficana, transplanting the inhabitants to Rome. A new colony of Latins repeopled Polytorium; but Ancus retook the place next year, and entirely demolished it. He then laid siege to Medulia; which, though it had been ruined by Tullus Hostilius, was now stronger than ever. It submitted after a siege of four years, when Ancus found himself obliged to undertake a second expedition against Ficana, which he had before reduced; and it was not without the utmost difficulty that he reduced it a second time. After this he defeated the Latins in a pitched battle; vanquished the Fidenates, Veientes, and Sabines; and having taken in the hill Janiculum to be included within the walls, and built the port of Ostia, he died in the twentyfourth year of his reign.

Ancus Martius left two sons, one an infant, and the other about fifteen years of age. Both of these he put under the tuition of Tarquin, the son of Lucumo, a merchant in Corinth, who fled from that city to secure his wealth from Cypselus, a tyrant of the place. He settled in Tarquinii, one of the principal cities in Etruria; but finding that he could not there attain to any of the principal posts in the city, on account of his foreign extraction, he removed to Rome, where he had been gradually raised to the rank of patrician and senator. The death of Ancus Martius gave him an opportunity of assuming the regal dignity and setting aside his pupils; and in the beginning of his reign he took care to strengthen his party in the senate by adding 100 more to that body. These were called senatores minorum gentium, because they were chosen out of the plebeians; however, they had the same authority in the senate as the others, and their children were called patricians. Tarquin was not inferior to any of his predecessors, either in his inclination or abilities to carry on a war. He recommenced hostilities with the Latins; from whom he took the cities of Apiola, Crustuminum, Nomentum, and Collatia. The inhabitants of Apiola were sold for slaves; but those of Crustominum and Nomentum, who had submitted after their revolt, were treated with great clemency. The inhabitants of Collatia were disarmed, and obliged to pay a large sum of money; the sovereignty of it being given

to Egerius, the son of Arunx, Tarquin's brother; whence he took the name of Collatinus, which he transmitted to his posterity. Corniculum, another city of Latium, was taken by storm, and reduced to ashes. This progress having greatly alarmed the Latins, several of them joined their forces to oppose such a formidable enemy; but, being defeated in a bloody battle near Fidenz, they were obliged to enter into an alliance with Rome: upon which the Latins, having held a national conference, entered into a league with the Etrurians, and again took the field with a very numerous army. But Tarquin, having defeated the confederate armies in two very bloody battles, obliged the Latin cities to submit to dependence on Rome; and, having entered the city in triumph, built the circus with the spoils taken from the enemy. The war with the Latins was scarcely ended when another cominenced with Etruria. This was accounted the most powerful nation in Italy, and was then divided into twelve tribes or lucumonies. These appointed a national assembly, in which it was decreed that the whole force of Etruria should be employed against Tarquin; and, if any city presumed only to stand neuter, it should be for ever cut off from the national alliance. Thus a great army was raised, with which they ravaged the Roman territory, and took Fidene by the treachery of some of its inhabitants. Tarquin, not being in a condition to oppose them at first, was obliged to submit to their ravages for a whole year; after which he took the field with all the forces he could raise. The Roman army was divided into two bodies, one under the king, the other under his nephew Collatinus. The latter, having divided his forces to plunder the enemy, was defeated; but Tarquin, in two engagements, vanquished the army which opposed him. He then marched against Fidena, where he gained a third battle; after which he took the city. The citizens suspected of betraying it to the enemy were whipped to death; the rest were banished, and their lands divided by lot among the Roman soldiers. Tarquin now hastened to oppose the new army of the Etrurians, before their forces could be properly collected; and having come up with them at Eretum, about ten miles from Rome, defeated them with greater slaughter, for which victory he was decreed a triumph by the senate: while the enemy were glad to sue for peace; which Tarquin granted, upon the sole condition of their owning his su periority. Accordingly, the Etrurians sent him all the ensigns of royalty which were in use among them, viz. a crown of gold, a throne of ivory, a sceptre with an eagle on the top of it, a tunic embroidered with gold and adorned with figures of palm branches, together with a purple robe enriched with flowers of several colors. Tarquin, however, would not.wear these magnificent ornaments till the senate and people had consented to it by an express law. He then applied the regalia to the decoration of his triumph, and never afterwards laid them aside. In this triumph he appeared in a gilt chariot, drawn by four horses, clothed in a purple robe, and a tunic embroidered with gold, a crown on his head, and a sceptre in his hand, attended by twelve lictors

with their axes and fasces. Tarquin, having now obtained some respite from war, began to ornament the city. He built the walls with hewn stone, and erected those famous common sewers which have deservedly been ranked among the wonders of the world. Rome now contained four hills within its compass, viz. the Palatinus, Tarpeius, Quirinalis, and Coelius. In the valleys between these hills the rain water and springs uniting formed great pools which laid under water the streets and public places. The mud made the way impassable, and rendered the city unhealthy. Tarquin freed the city from this nuisance, by conveying off these waters by subterraneous channels into the Tiber. In doing this it was necessary to cut, through hills and rocks, a channel large enough for a navigable stream, and covered with arches strong enough to bear the weight of houses, which were frequently built upon them. All these arches were made of hard stone, and neither trouble nor expense was spared to make the work durable. Their height and breadth were so considerable that a cart loaded with hay could easily pass through them under ground. The expense of constructing these sewers was never so thoroughly understood as when it became necessary to repair them: for then the censors gave no less than 1000 talents to the person appointed for this purpose. Besides these great works, Tarquin adorned the forum, surrounding it with galleries, in which were shops for tradesmen, and building temples in it for the youth of both sexes, and halls for the administration of public justice. He next engaged in a war with the Sabines, on pretence that they had assisted the Etrurians. Both armies took the field, and came to an engagement on the confines of Sabinia, without any considerable advantage on either side; neither was any thing of consequence done during the whole campaign. Tarquin, then considering with himself that the Roman forces were very deficient in cavalry, resolved to add some new bodies of knights to those already instituted by Romulus. But this project met with great opposition from the superstitious augurs, as the original division of horse into three bodies had been determined by auguries; and Actius Nævius, the chief of the diviners at that time, violently opposed the king's will. On this occasion credulous historians say that Tarquin, at the word of Nævius, cut a flint with a razor.

This adventure, whatever was the truth of it, caused Tarquin to abandon his design of increasing the number of bodies of horse, and content himself with augmenting the number in each body. He then renewed the war with the Sabines, ravaged their country, defeated them in three pitched battles, obliging them at last to submit to him, and put him in possession of their country. In the decline of life he employed himself in further decorating the city, building temples, &c. He was assassinated in his palace, in the eightieth year of his age, by the sons of Ancus Martius, whom he had originally deprived of the kingdom.

After the death of Tarquin I., his widow Tanaquil preserved the kingdom to her son-inław Servius Tullius, by artfully giving out that

the king was only stunned, and would soon recover; upon which the sons of Ancus went voluntarily into banishment. The second day after his decease, Servius Tullius heard causes from the throne in the royal robes, and attended by the lictors; but as he pretended only to supply the king's place till he should recover, and thought it incumbent on him to revenge the wicked attempt upon his life, he summoned the sons of Ancus to appear before his tribunal; and, on their non-appearance, caused them to be declared infamous, and their estates to be confiscated. After he had thus managed matters for some time, in such a manner as to engage the affections of the people, the death of Tarquin was published as a thing that had newly happened, and Servius Tullius assumed the ensigns of royalty, having none to dispute with him. The new king showed himself every way worthy of the throne. No sooner were the Etrurians informed of Tarquin's death, than they shook off the yoke; but Servius quickly reduced them to obedience, depriving them of their lands, which he shared among the poor Roman citizens who had none. For this he was decreed a triumph by the people, in spite of the opposition of the senate, who could never be brought to approve of his election to the kingdom, though he was soon after legally chosen by the tribes. After Servius had obtained the sanction of the popular voice, he marched a second time against the revolted Etrurians; and, having again vanquished them, was decreed another triumph. He then applied himself to the enlarging and adorning the city. He also added to the city the hills Esquilinus and Viminalis, fixing his own palace on the Esquilinus, to draw inhabitants thither. He likewise added a fourth tribe, which he called Tribus Esquilina, to those instituted by Romulus. He divided also the whole Roman territory into distinct tribes, commanding that there should be at least one place of refuge in each tribe, situated on a rising ground, and strong enough to secure the effects of the peasants in case of a sudden alarm. These strong holds he called pagi, i. e. villages; and he commanded that each of them should have their peculiar temple, tutelary god, and magistrates. In the mean time, his two wards, Lucius Tarquinius and Arunx, the grandchildren of Tarquin I., being grown up, to secure their fidelity, he married them to his daughters. And though the elder of these daughters, who was of a mild and tractable disposition, resembled in character the younger of his pupils, as the elder of his pupils did the younger of his daughters, who was of a violent and vicious temper, yet he thought it advisable to give his elder daughter to Tarquin, and the younger to Arunx; as thus he matched them according to their ages; and hoped that the elder Tullia's sweet disposition would temper Tarquin's impetuosity, and the younger Tullia's vivacity rouse the indolence of Arunx. During the public rejoicing for these marriages, the twelve lucumonies of Etruria, uniting their forces, attempted to shake off the Roman yoke, but were in several battles defeated by Servius, and obliged to submit on the conditions granted by his predecessor. For this success Servius