The Encyclopedie Journal, printed in the Italian language at Naples, is said to contain many interesting memoirs. Eight sheets of this work, with plates, are printed every month.

vautages of feeding cattle in spring Germany, the want of an export trade, with net:les, while they have that dis- which has lately been stopped, it is order upon them, has also been expe- thought will render this plenty of rienced in Sweden. In 1797 and little utility. 1799, Mr. Scheidlin tried the plant Angelica sativa hortensis, and found it an excellent preservative. He mashed the roots, and gave a handful to each cow morning and evening, with their food: he also mixed some with their water, and in spring he put some of the leaves of that root with their hay and grass. He likewise observing that bees are very fond of carrots, had some rasped, and placed near their hives: others were boiled to a jelly, from which the bees were observed to suck the saccharine particles.

Pope Innocent IV. of the illustrious house of Fieschi, who went from Rome to Naples, for the sake of his health, died there in 1254. He was interred in the chapel of St. Laurence, and thence removed to the cathedral, where a monument was erected for him. This monument requiring some urgent repairs, it was found necessary to open the receptacle last September, and the state in which the remains of the pontiff were found, after a period of 559 years, was as follows: the body was sound and entire; the head, the hands, and the legs were separated from the trunk, and the former wanted only two teeth. He was dressed, according to the practice of the times, in a chasuble of snuff-coloured silk, richly embroidered in several parts. After the lapse of five centuries and a half, the silk still retains its original The Archduke John of Austria is lustre. The other garments, which employed in a grand botanical work, appear to have been a tunic and a which is said to contain descriptions dalmatick, are destroyed; his silk of a number of plants that he has gloves, embroidered with gold at the found in the Tyrol, the country of wrist, are in perfect preservation. Saltzbourg, and Lower Austria, never before described. Some sheets of this work, ornamented with a number of plates, have appeared; but as the Archduke intends them for his friends exclusively, the booksellers are not permitted to sell them. This prince is quite a naturalist: he has purchased the beautiful cabinet of minerals belonging to Professor Jaquin, of Vienna, worth 24,000 florins.

A method of salting and smoking beef is used in Franconia, which requires only 48 hours. A quantity of saltpetre, equal to that of common salt, generally used on the occasion, being dissolved, the meat is put in it, and gently boiled, till all the water evaporates; and being afterwards hung up in the smoke during 24 hours, it is found to equal in flavour the Hamburgh beef.

The Royal Opera at Berlin has been suppressed by an Order of Council.

Italy.

Russia.

It is stated, that in 1792, several marbles were discovered among the ruins of Phanagoria, in the island of Taman, near Caucasus, with inscriptions in the Slavic language, by which it appeared that a Russian prince, Glieb de Tmuktorakan, had caused the breadth of the Cimmerian Bosphorus to be measured in the year 1068. On this occasion, Count Muschin Puschin published, in 1794, "Ilistorical Researches on the Geographical Situation of Tmuktorakan." The state counsellor, Alexis Niwtaj Olenia, has recently published, on the same subject, addressed to the count, a letter in 56 folio pages, with nine engravings. Among other things, this letter contains the description of five Letters from Italy mention, that manuscripts of Nestorius. this year's crop of silk is nearly It appears that the gold mines in doubled; but though great orders the Russian empire afford 42,675 have been received from the north of pounds weight of that valuable metal

A member of the Agricultural Society at Turin has presented a memorial, respecting the extraction of a saccharine substance from black mulberries, the juice of which being expressed, it is clarified with white of an egg, and left to evaporate till it comes to a proper consistence.

annually, and the silver mines 7,000,000 to be placed in the same apartment, pounds. The value of the coin an- which is to be called by the Princess's nually exported from Russia is about name.

1,200,000l. sterling.

Spain.

The Princess Catherina Romanowna A discovery highly interesting to Dasshkow has presented the Museum the Materia Medica is mentioned in of the Academy of Moscow with 332 the last accounts from Madrid. The new articles of value, consisting of government has transmitted to the precious stones, antiques, drawings, botanists engaged in completing the books, and instruments of natural Flora of Peru, e even highly-finished philosophy. Among the books is the drawings of an equal number, not of New Testament, printed by order of varieties, but of a new species, of the Peter the Great, in the Slavonic and Bark. About thirty other kinds are Dutch languages. All these gifts are known to exist in South America.

STATE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS.

HE ancients have formed many a remarkable, the men, who affect the giants against heaven, who would have most civilization, have been the great overpowered the minor Gods, if encouragers of the horrid war-whoop, they had not been destroyed by the which has resounded from one quarter thunderbolts of the all-conquering of Europe to the other. If jacobinism Jove. The moderns have attempted has been a monster, the hypocrisy of to discover the grounds of this fable, anti-jacobinism has vied with it in and are divided in their opinion, whe- cruelty and ferocity. Not to forgive ther it took its rise from some real his- has been the maxim of these friends tory in antediluvian times, or from of religious order-these advocates events that preceded the formation of for the suppression of vice. Human the first of the four great empires. nature is nearly wearied out by the Some original instance of the wicked- atrocities of both parties. It can ness of man was the origin most proba scarcely be, that they should be much bly of this singular history. Some longer permitted, for there is a God mighty powers, contending for empire, who judgeth the earth. ravaged the earth, set at nought all laws human and divine, considered every thing to be allowable, which despots of the continent, instead of they could acquire by force; robbed, correcting abuses at home, were indigplundered, murdered, massacred; nant that the people in another counemployed the whole of their ingenuity try should begin a reform which in devising means for the destruction might afterwards take root in their of mankind; till heaven, tired of their own dominions. The destruction of follies and their envies, swept away monasteries and nunneries-the levelfrom the face of the earth the guilty ling of the antient prejudices of nobirace, by a terrible instance of divine

vengeance.

In the beginning of this war, all nations united against France.

The

lity and p:iestcraft-the simplifying of laws and attempts to bring within If the poetic fancy were now alive, some bounds the power of the crown, the times we have witnessed, and are were horrors not to be endured. They witnessing, might give occasion for a leagued against reform, increased the similar story. Let any one look to agitation of France, and brought ruin the actions of Europe for the last six- and destruction in the end upon themteen years, that is, from the com- selves. How happy would England mencement of the French revolution be if she had never entered into the to the present times, and he will find schemes of the continent. If she had it difficult to conceive that the giants left them to fight their own battles! of old should have exceeded the pre- If she had been contented to enjoy the sent race of Japhet in wickedness. benefits of unlimited commerce, and What gigantic climes: What mon- the promotion of human ingenuity in strous enormities have not been com- her own manufactures. But we enmitted! What species of folly has re- tered into the contest. We stood up mained untried! And what is the more for the deliverance of Europe, and

These

Europe, instead of being delivered by to Lisbon, regardless of our navy, and us, is tired of its deliverers, and not smiling at any military force which only tired of them, but is anxious to we could bring into the field of battle. take from us every future means of in- Little choice was left to Portugal. terference with continental affairs. We may be considered to be fortunate When Mr. Burke dashed his dagger in having brought back so much Brion the floor, and the vain boaster, tish property from that ill-fated Mr. Pitt, was pouring out his empty country. The order for evacuating declarations, the least resistance to the country seems to have been exetheir idle and impudent fables was cuted with great mildness. It was treated with the utmost contempt. evidently a forced measure. The Not to believe that we should deliver great giant of the continent had said Europe, was to be a rebel to one's that the English should not have acGod and one's King. But the times cess to its shores; if he could not are altered, and Englishmen will meet us on the seas, he was determinlearn by the event that the eastern ed that we should find no friends upmaxim is a good one: Let not him, on the land. Portugal, unable to rewho putteth on the harness of war, sist from her own internal resources, boast like him that taketh it off. The and not seeing any prospect of sufficonfederacies against France failed; cient succour from us, was under the and for the same reason we hope and necessity of complying with the giant's trust that the present confederacy terms. The English were driven against England wil fail. The state completely out of Portugal. of the war has been repeatedly chang- It had been suggested that the ed; it is now resolved into a question Court of Portugal would remove to on the dominion of the seas, which the Brazils, and leave the mother will soon employ rather the pen of the country to take its chance. negociator than the thunder of the conjectures appear to have been illwarrior. founded. The Prince Regent has To shew the capriciousness of hu- submitted to his fate, but the result of man affairs, two events have taken his submission remains to be known. place since our last, which four months The troops of France are supposed ago were hardly to be expected. Den- to be on their march to Portugal, and mark and Portugal have declared war when they are once in that country its against us. That Denmark should do independence, as a kingdom, is lost, it cannot excite much surprise, since and it can be considered only in the our hostile measure at Copenhagen; same light as the kingdoms of Westbut that Portugal, our staunch ally, phalia, Holland, Wirtemburg, and should not only send from its ports all Bavaria. The pretext for invading our merchants, but follow it with a Portugal will be easily found. It was declaration of war, is a circumstance requisite that its capital and principal which even in the present ferment of sea-ports should be garrisoned, lest intellectual darkness, is calculated to they should fall into the hands of the strike us with astonishment. Why English; and we should thus be enashould Portugal take up arms against bled to land our goods on the contiits good friend? Why should it lose nent; and besides the security of the its commerce, its sale for its wines, its Portuguese navy, as it was evident, supplies of manufactures, its colonies, from the conduct of the English at and eventually its American territo- Copenhagen, that they were deter ries? The only answer is, that Portu- mined no flag should ride upon the gal is a small state, and the time was sea but their own. To reason upon come that it must take its choice be- these matters, in the present state of tween the two great powers-the deli- the world, would evidently be absurd. vereis or the oppressors of Europe. We must have some principles laid The deliverers couid assist it with its down before we can attempt to draw fleets; but the broadside of our best conclusions; and it is evident that, if line of battle ship is of little avail the English were justified in their atonly a mile from the shore; the op- tack on the Danes, the French may pressors of Europe had a victorious plead the saime, or similar excuses, for army, which could march from France taking possession of Portugal.

are

But what will be the result to Por- Russia, as yet, has not declared war tugal? In declaring war against us against us, but that power is evidently she exposes her settlements, at least is unison with others on the continent, many of them, to inevitable ruin. on the subject of our supposed mariFor the Brazils shened not entertain time aggressions. It cannot be otherany apprehensions. The Brazilians wise than strongly united with France, as brave as the inhabitants of for we are not of the number of those Buenos Ayres; and they will resist who believe that there either is, or any expedition from this country with ought to be, any of these ties of friendgreat success, if it should be sent out ship between cabinets, similar to those before any enquiry has been made in- which unite individuals together in to the conduct of that army, or that private life. Attempts are made to general, or that somebody, or some- induce a belief, that the English inthing, which has brought such con- terest has great sway at Petersburg, tempt and ridicule upon the new mi- but we see no reasons to believe it. litary schemes of this country. Ma- We do not see a single thing in our deira, however, must fall, and the set- policy which should induce the Court tlements in the East Indies will be an of Russia, a despotic court, to enter easy prey. Their ships at sea also into our measures. If our measures must be captured; and Portugal will are measures of aggression, it is evibe destined to receive far greater in- dent that no Court in Europe can juries from our hands than she can have any encouragement to join us, possibly do from those of the French. as there is not one single thing, which Between both she will suffer abun- we have attempted in concert with the dantly, and no prospect seems open of her deriving any advantage in the end, except it may be that her abominable inquisition shall be destroyed, and her Popish institutions either an nihilated, or rendered as little injurious to civil and religious liberty, as they are in France.

other powers, in which we have not failed; and if our measures tend to establish our own maritime system, it is equally evident that Russia can have no interest in the great preponderance we affect, and the resolutions we entertain to be complete masters of the seas. Russia has not taken a decided part. It is hesitating, probably, where the first blow shall be struck, whether in Sweden or in Turkey.

Denmark is in a state similar to that of Portugal, but with greater energy, The war between this country and Denmark will be of a more serious The chivalrous King of Sweden is nature. They can and will fit out pri- quiet in his own dominions. He is vateers, and make serious depreda- ruminating over his own disasters, he is tions on our commerce. We have balancing his fine Don Quixote manidone our worst against them. They festos with the loss of Pomerania. are prepared to resist farther attacks. The king of France (as he is called) Indignation reigns predominant in the has paid him a visit, but it was of breast of every loyal Dane, and he is short duration. Sweden can scarcely ready to enter into all the feelings of maintain its own sovereign, much less his exasperated prince. Our fleets a fallen prince, whose retinue would can prevent any expeditions from the be starved with the revenue of one of mouth of the Baltic, but the coast of his provinces. We know not, as yet, Norway will afford many an opportu- in what light he views our conduct at nity for privateers to annoy our home Copenhagen; but as the Danes have trade, as well as that to America and made war upon us, he might be inthe West Indies. It does not appear strumental with his fleet in annoying that the French have entered Holstein. his supposed natural enemy. But The King of Denmark is still an inde- whatever his wishes, or our wishes may pendent prince; but how long he will be, he is kept in check by Russia; remain so is very uncertain. The and he will be well off if he can ward French can have little interest in im- off impending dangers, which may posing any terms upon him, as our ari-e either at home or abroad. conduct has rendered him in every Of the King of Prussia nothing is respect, a willing instrument in all heard. The less is beard the better;

their plans,

for it may be presumed that he is en

ployed in healing the wounds the will probably spend his carnival. But foolish conduct of his own cabinet has the carnival of Bonaparte is not like brought upon the country. The king that of the common herd of kings. In of Saxony has made his entry into his the amusements around him he can Duchy of Warsaw. Much may be digest greater plans; and whilst he is done there by a wise and temperate putting his Italian dominions into orconduct; and as the abominable sys- der, he will be preparing those artem of slavery is destroyed, it is not rangements which are to raise new impossible that the Poles may become kingdoms. If, among his other plans, sensible of the benefits of a good go- he should reduce the Pope to a level vernment, in which the many are not with other ecclesiastics, however mormade the tools of the caprice of the tifying it may be to many false protes few. Of the provinces to the south of tants in this country, we shall rejoice Poland, we know but little; but the that his tyranny has, in one point at time is coming when the mouths of least, had a good direction. A Bourbon the Danube, and the mountains of still retains his seat in Sicily; but BoThrace, will make a part of the great naparte will scarcely permit that island commonwealth of Europe. to be free from his yoke. The new year will unite it to the throne of Naples.

Every thing indeed portends a great change to be made in that quarter of the world. The new Sultan at Con- In this age for revolutions a new one stantinople shews a vigour scarcely to is expected every day. It is not to be be expected from a man kept so long a wondered at, that speculation has time a prisoner in a Turkish palace. looked forward to Spain for new matBut the spirit of disaffection is abroad. ter to satisfy curiosity. Various ruThe empire is tottering. French in- mours have been spread respecting fluence prevails in the cabinet, and its king and the state of its provinces. aversion to the Christians is still the It is well known that a large body of principle of the people. We have no Spaniards has been marched into Germeans of assisting either party. Our many; and it is said, that their place attack on Constantinople has so alien- is to be supplied with French. Every ated all parties against us, that they one knows to what a state Spain has would rather be ruined by the French been brought by the wretched system than saved by the English. But why prevailing in that country. The should we be anxious to save them? finest regions are depopulated by bi Why should any protestant power be gotry and superstition. Its inquisidesirous to interfere to prevent the tion and its priests have done more fall of a system which keeps the finest mischief than a very ferocious army. provinces of Europe in ignorance and No wonder then that the rumour of rebarbarity? We cannot feel the least volution is received as plausible. There particle of sorrow, should France, can be no solid attachment between a Russia, and Austria, succeed to the government and a people, where the utmost of their wishes, in driving the vilest species of espionage, the espionTurks out of Europe, and partition- age of priesteraft, prevails. But still it ing, in what manner they please, the may be asked, on what grounds France territories, which might be cultivated is to interfere. The court of Spain has to so much greater advantage, by been submissive to all its decrees, and powers in a somewhat more advanced no change can possibly render that scale of civilization. The influence which the French have acquired in the Republic of the Seven Isles, makes it probable that the attack will begin on their part; and, before the summer, ancient Greece will see a new system of government, and may hope to revive from its present wretched and miserable state.

Italy is in expectation of seeing its great king. Preparations are made for his reception at Venice, where he UNIVERSAL MAG. VOL. VIII.

country more subservient to its views. Still we cannot say what Providence may have in view. Of this we may be sure, that it could never be intended, that so fine a country should be subjected to so vile a priesthood, and if institutions against God and Nature cannot be subdued by reason and wisdom, it is not extraordinary that extrapeous force should be called in to destroy them. There is something so abominably wicked in every species of 3 K