of several judicious acts. Hemp and of peers, who denied the competency flax, and their various productions, of the Irish lords to review the judg likewise were allowed free exporta- ment, and ordered the judges of the tion, when proved the positive growth Irish exchequer to reinstate the plainof Ireland. An act of 1704 allowed tiff. By so doing, the judges incurred the exportation of Irish linen directly the strong resentment of the Irish from that country to "her Majesty's peers, who ordered them, for their plantations ;" and an edict of 1742 presumed offence, into the custody of allowed a bounty on the exportation the usher of the black rod. of the same article to any port in This dignified attention to decorum Africa, America, Portugal, or Spain. was judged, by the English peers, an In 1745, an addition was made to this insult to their authority; and they bounty; and, in 1756, the duties on passed a resolution, signifying that the importation of foreign raw linen- the Irish judges had acted with beyarn were taken off. coming courage, and according to If the supremacy exercised, since law, in obeying their mandate. Not the Revolution, by the parliament of satisfied with recompensing the judges England, needs any illustration, the for their nominal imprisonment, they substance of some few statutes will passed a bill for the "better securing speedily effect that purpose. In the the dependency of the kingdom of year 1099, a bill for the sale of Irish Ireland on the crown of Great Britain." forfeitures was added to that of the In this act, after several impositions, land-tax, after much opposition from it is declared, that all proceedings bethe upper house. Explanations of this fore the Irish house of lords, upon act took place in the reign of Queen any judgment given in a court of law, Anne. The act asserts the reason- are utterly null and void. ableness of applying Irish forfeitures The Irish themselves appear to to the ease of the people of England, have unequivocally acknowledged the by whose assistance and expense the supremacy of the English parliament, rebels had been reduced;" and pro- both by their frequent petitious to ceeds to appropriate, accordingly, all the English commons, before the the estates of attainted proprietors, to civil wars, and by their thanks to the purse of the public, after distinctly King William for that act of the vacating all alienations founded on English parliament which abrogated grants from any act or acts of the the statutes of James the Second's Irish parliament." hasty and oppressive parliament in Ireland. By an act of 1701, the trustees are directed in what way to proceed, in In 1770, however, the Irish comapplying the ecclesiastical part of the mons manifested an unusual degree forfeited estates; and, by a subsequent of spirit, in refusing to pass a moneyact of the same year, protestants alone bill, because it had not taken its rise are permitted to take leases of the in the house of commons, but had forfeited lands. A statute of 1705, been proposed by the privy council. restores to the Archbishop of Dublin This quibble (for it seems in fact little an estate which had been taken from more) prevailed, in spite of ministry; him by a judgment of an Irish court and the objection remains on record, of law; using as a plea for this de- a proof of the scrupulous care with spotic proceeding, the probable partiality of the Irish Catholic judges. which the commons of this juncture guarded the rights and privileges of their constituents. In 1719 a curious altercation arose, from a collision of jurisdiction between The heavy incumbrances on most the English and Irish houses of peers, articles of Irish commerce, except in reviewing the judgment of the those specified above, as objects of courts of law in Ireland. The party English liberality, caused various fruitnegatived by the barons of the ex- less remonstrances to terminate in chequer brought their suit, by appeal, serious consequences in the year 1779. into the house of peers; where the As the least objectionable mode of judgment was reversed. A writ of national reprisal, associations were appeal against this decree of reversion formed against the purchase of British was presented to the English house manufactures. Arms, also, under the pretence of protection against inva- compared a great number of human sion, were resorted to; and the Irish heads, is convinced, that notwithat length ventured to deny the autho- standing an apparent multiplicity of rity of the British parliament. With differences between the heads of men more judgment, they contended that composing different people, yet these a free trade with all the world, alone people should be regarded as forming could redress the grievances of their only one race, proceeding from a island. England, astonished at the common father and mother. But, in boldness of these proceedings, waver- order to fix the shades which dised, and evaded, with little fortitude tinguish the varieties which are reor discretion. She did not deem it marked in this single race, M. Camper prudent to issue sovereign commands traced upon the profile of heads subto a people already in arms, yet want- mitted to his examination a horizontal ed generosity to examine the alleged line, which passes directly under the injuries with temper and impartiality, [To be continued.] M nose and the opening of the ear; another line, which, touching the most prominent part of the os from On the VARIETIES in the HUMAN talis and the bone of the nose, terSPECIES. By SONNINI. minates at the junction of the teeth with the jaws closed, is called by the [Concluded from page 296.] author the facial line; because be EINERS acknowledges only considers it as the line which is truly two original stocks, whence characteristic of the face. The inthe inhabitants of the earth proceeded tersection of these two lines, the -that of the handsome races of man- facial and horizontal, forms an angle kind; and that of those less handsome. more or less great, and which, in The first comprises the nations with men, varies from seventy to eighty a white skin; and the second the na- degrees. The head becomes shorter tions whose colour is more or less in proportion as the facial line indeep.* creases: so that if it advance so far Metzger, like Meiners, adopts only as to form with the horizontal line two varieties, derived from the dif- an angle of more than 100 degrees, ference of colour; the white, diffused which is the maximum, or utmost over Europe and the northern coun- extent which the facial line can adtries of Asia, America, and Africa; mit of, the head becomes monstrous, and the black, or Ethiopian, who in- and begins to approach to hydrohabit the other parts of Africa. The cephalus. people of the southern parts of Asia The two extremes therefore for the and America, as well as of the islands obliquity of the facial line are fixed of the South Sea, forms the connec- between seventy and a hundred detion or shade between these two grees. This constitutes every gravarieties. dation, from the head, of the negro These are not all the methods to the beanty of an ancient Greek. which have been imagined to trace. If you descend beloty seventy degrees, and fix the different varieties which you have an ourang-outang, or ape; exist among men. I have contented if you descend yet lower, you have a myself with relating the principal, dog; lastly, a bird-a woodcock, and it is evident that they are all whose facial line is found to be almost equally incomplete and insufficient. parallel to the horizontal one; that I shall conclude this article by a re- is, that the two jaws are prodigiously capitulation of those researches which elongated, and there is no piace possess more exactitude, because they left for the teeth; which appears to are founded on anatomical observa- be the physical reason, says M. Camtions though, perhaps, they are per, why birds are destitute of them. equally destitute of certainty. A philosopher of great reputation, after having studied, designed, and Grundriss der Geschichte der Menschheit. Ed. 2. Lenger. 1793. One of the smallest inconveniences of this method is, that it is only adopted to skeleton heads, &c. and it is evident how much a distinction which only rests on the configuration of the os nus, however ingenious it may be, is useless and uncertain in respect_round. The Europeans, with the to the knowledge of the varieties of exception of the Laplanders and Finthe human species; for it cannot be landers, the inhabitants of Asia comdoubted that the flesh, the muscles, prised between the river Oby, the the cartilages, &c. constitute very im- Caspian and the Ganges, as well as portant accessories, and are truly cha- the northern Africans, belong to this racteristic of the face; and their forms, race, which M. Blumenbach considers their contours, their colour, are so as the most perfect. many traits which discriminate the The Mongol race comes next: this figures of men and nations. is composed of Asiatics, which are The same objection applies equally not included in the Caucasian race; to the researches of another anatomist, the Malays at the extremity of the more modern, who has applied him- peninsula beyond the Ganges must self, with much attention, and success, be exempted; the people of the frozen to the examination and comparison part of Europe, the Esquimaux, and of human skulls. It may also be ob- the Greenlanders. The colour of this served, that a skull is only a portion race is yellowish; their hair black, of dead nature, and that it is animated stiff, straight, and thin; their head nature which more particularly pleases almost square; their face broad, flat, and interests. If we would establish and compressed; their eye-brows far signs which may correctly distinguish apart froin each other, and the interanimated beings, we must derive them mediate space fat; their nose smail from the aggregate of living parts, and short; their cheeks round and and not from the image of death. Is prominent: their eyes small and holit not, in fact, a strange idea, to wait low; and their chin pointed. for the death and dissection of a man, in order to determine to what nation he belongs or to kill an animal, to discover, in his bones, his genus and spécies? Fixed and strongly-marked characters separate from every other the Ethiopian race, which consists of every people of Africa, except those who inhabit the northern regions.-Nevertheless, the work of M. Blu- In this race we find the black colour; menbach being one of the best which hair black and curly; a straight head, has been composed upon the physical compressed at the sides; an arched characters of different people, and as forehead; prominent cheeks; proit may be of considerable service in jecting eyes; a thick nose, and, as it studying comparative anatomy, which were, confounded with the jaws; the is connected with natural history, incisive teeth placed obliquely in the I shall notice what he has written upper jaw; the lips (the upper ones upon men, and the differences which in particular) very thick; a flat chin; distinguish them.* and, lastly, legs bowed out in front in the greater number of individuals. This philosopher admits only of one species of men, which he divides into The fourth race is the American; five varieties, or races. He calls the which is composed of all the nations first of these varieties the Caucasian of America, with the exception of race, to whom he assigns, as its cha- those that are comprised in the Monracter-white complexion, fiorid gol race. The distinctive signs are cheeks, light brown hair, a round a copper colour; black hair, stiff, head, the face oval, the fea- straight, and thin; the forehead short; tures slightly projecting, the fore. the eyes sunk; the nose a little broad head a little elevated, the nose small and flat, but yet projecting; the face, and somewhat arched, the mouth large but neither Hat nor compressed; little, the upper and lower incisive the cheeks prominent, and the feateeth almost perpendicular, the lips (particularly the lower oues) somewhat thick, and the chin full and *De Generis Humani varietate Nafira. Editio tertio. Auct. J. Fred. Blumenbach, M.D. Regia Societatis Londin. sodalis Gottenga. 1795. res strongly expressed. be Maldy race is the last. M. Blure .ch has called it thus because it 1iend in the peninsula of Malacca : 1550 fused in the Marian islands, the Pilipines, the Moluccas, and in all the sinds of the South Sea. The colour of this race is brown; the hair black, silky, crisped, and thick; the with; and afterwards it was inspected head slightly straight; the forehead a by both the Wartons. Dr. Joseph little arched; the nose of a middling Warton advised him to return it to size, and thickest at its extremity; the manager; and this was accordthe mouth large; the upper jaw a ingly done, together with the followlittle projecting; and the features, ing recommendatory letter from his when regarded sideways, are suf- brother Thomas : ficiently prominent and distinct from each other. SOON I "Dear Sir, "I have many pardons to beg for the frequent troubles I give you. Mr. MEMOIRS Of WM. JULIUS MICKLE, Mickle has shewn me his tragedy alTranslator of the Lusiad. most intirely new written, and the [Concluded from page 303.] disposition greatly altered; so that I OON after Mr. Mickle's arrival But this I leave to your judgment. hope you will think it fit for the stage. in London, with the view of pay- own I wish we could contribute to ing off his debts, he was induced to keep him in England, and in the potry his power in what Dryden calls etical world. Certainly, there are the most profitable species of com- great strokes of merit in the play; and position. Adopting, therefore, a story I shall be glad to find that none of from the French history in the reign your former objections remain. I am, of Francis I, he formed it into a tra- with best gedy, which he called "The Siege of Garrick, Marseilles." This was transmitted to Mr. Garrick, who allowed its general merit, but complained of the want of stage effect in the following letter: compliments to Mrs. "Trin. Coll. Oxon, " "Nov. 22th, Drury-lane Theatre. "Sir, I was in the country and But it was a second time rejected; not well when I received your letter at which the poet was so incensed, I have read over yr. tragedy with great that he resolved to appeal to the Care and inclination to be of Service judgment of the public by printing it; to you; but indeed, notwithstanding and as soon as the first sheet came there are many many beautiful pas- from the press, sent it to the manager. sages, it wants dramatic Art in my The reason he assigns for printing opinion, and I fear it cannot be made the tragedy is given in the preface to fit for ye Stage without new Modelling it; the motive to the latter is detailed it-If yo you can engage Mr. Warton, to in the following petulant and peevish whom I beg my best Love & Service, letter to Mr. Hoole, the translator of to look it over, He will be best able to Tasso, dated Nov. 15, 1773:point out Its defects & shew you how to avoid them for the future. Some attention to the fable & disposition of the Scenes will be of great Service to you in yr. future Composition for ye Stage-Your very uncommon & candid declaration-in yr. last letter to me has convinced Me that you deserve My best wishes, which you have most sincerely "I am Sir Mr. Ballantyne, wherein he acquaints "I have just received a letter from Garrick had seen a proof sheet of the me, that you seemed sorry that Mr. preface to my play. Mr. B. also exhave obtained it, and supposed that presses his surprise how he should sent it, that he might be prepared to some person who wished me ill had prejudice the public against me. The truth is, I sent it to him in a blank cover. "D GARRICK." he will. Half a year ago, I declared Let him be prepared as Governor Johnstone, after the piece my resolution to my friend Mr. Boshad been new modelled by the au- well. He wrote me two earnest disthor, solicited Mr. Home, the author suasive letters; but in vain. I have of Douglas, to make what farther al- maturely considered every circumterations he might think necessary, stance; I have passed the Rubicon, This was very obligingly complied and I will proceed. In a letter to Mr. Boswell, sent off only three days Some time after the Lusiad had apago, I told him that I should look upon peared, he published proposals for any further dissuasive as thus, in plain printing an edition of his poems by English: What do you think the subscription, at ore guinea quarto; public will mind such a scribbler as and his mind gradually became deyou? No, my friend, take my advice, sponding from the apprehension of fold your hands together, submit to want and misery: but this was hapthe infallibility of Mr. Garrick, and pily not of long continuance, for his starve. I have also cited the same friend, Governor Johnstone, being sentence in a letter, now on the table, in the Spring of 1779, appointed to to Governor Johnstone. I have passed the command of the Romney man the Rubicon, I say, but I am not a Ken- of war, and commodore of a squadron, rick. No friend shall blush for me. immediately nominated Mickle his I know what I owe to them, and to secretary; by which, though only a myself. If I am possessed of any sa- non-commissioned officer, he was entirical abilities, Mr. G. shall feel them. titled to a considerable share of money. I have planned a new Dunciad, of What was still more fortunate for the which he is the hero. As soon as I bard, this squadron was afterwards, finish the Lusiad, I will set about it. ordered to that part of the continent, If you think proper, you may mention which to him particularly was classic this in any company." ground. On his landing at Lisbon To Mr. Boswell, who blamed him in November following, he was refor what he termed his misguided ceived with the utmost politeness and passion, and unjust resentment in this respect by Prince Don John Bratransaction, he writesganza, Duke of Lafoens, and uncle "I am sorry our ideas seem so to the present queen of Portugal, (to irreconcileable; yet, as I said before, whom he had sent a copy of the I have not the least doubt of being Lusiad on its first publication) who, able to convince you, when I have actuated by feelings very dissimilar the pleasure to talk over the affair to the cold apathy of his Scotch pawith you in person. I wrote you that tron, had been for some time waiting I knew what Garrick had said and upon the quay, anxious to be the jeered. I stand in a most delicate situ- first to welcome the translator of the ation: I have been told what he has Lusiad to the native city of his favou sneered under the promises of honour rite Camoens. By this distinguished not to divulge, or embroil in any quar- personage he was introduced to the rel the gentleman who heard it. I principal nobility, clergy, and literati must not speak too far, much less of Portugal, who vied with each other write, what by the chance of being in shewing him every mark of atten mislaid may be seen by an improper tion during a residence of more than person. As to the subscription*, I six months. will just mention one circumstance: "Of the clergy, though by no means a gentleman who heard Garrick talk prejudiced in favour of the Romish of it, on my shewing him Garrick's church, he always spoke with great unsolicited letter, empowering me to respect; and of the courteous and draw on him, shrugged up his shoul- hospitable reception which he exders, and called him a d-d Sl. perienced at the monasteries, partiWhat,' said I, did he talk as if I cularly at the royal and noble founhad not his authority to send? I dations of Alcobaça and Batalha, as know not exactly, but I understood well as of the piety and primitive sim30, and I believe the rest of the com- plicity of the fathers, he likewise made pany did I am sure he talked of your mention in terms of the warmest apbeing troublesome.' "For twenty copies of the Lusiad, the greater part of which, Mickle asserted, (as a comment on Garrick's generosity) was disposed of in Mr. Becket's shop to people unacquainted with Mr. Garrick. UNIVERSAL MAG, VOL. VIII. probation. At the commencement of the Royal Academy of Lisbon, in May 1780, he had the honour of being admitted a member under the presidency of his Grace the Duke of Lafoens, who presented to him his own portrait, as a token of his par. ticular regard. His leisure hours were 3 E |