τῶν, σπουδῇ πάσης παρακεκλήσθων. ἐχόμενοι δὲ ὥς τινος ἀσφαλοῦς πείσματος, ἐπιβαίνωμεν εἰς τὸν νῦν λόγον. καί μοι ἐλεγχομένῳ περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα, ἐρωτήσεσι τοιαῖσδε ἀσ. φαλέστατα ἀποκρίνεσθαι φαίνεται. Κατα δέ, ὦ ξένε, ὁπόταν φῇ τις, ἄρα ἕστηκε μὲν πάντα, κινεῖται δὲ οὐδέν; ἢ τούτῳ πᾶν τοὐναντίον; ἢ τὰ μὲν αὐτῶν κινεῖται, τὰ δὲ μένει ; Τὰ μὲν κινεῖται που, φήσω, τὰ δὲ μένει. Μῶν οὖν οὐκ ἐν χώρᾳ τινὶ τά τε ἑστῶτα ἕστηκε, καὶ τὰ κινούμενα κινεῖται ; Πῶς γὰρ οὔ ; Καὶ τὰ μέν γε ἐν μιᾷ ἕδρα που ἂν

5. See Note XIX., App.

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6. ἐχόμενοι δὲ ὥς τινος ἀσφαλοῦς πείσματος. "Holding fast as by some sure cable." There is still preserved here the metaphor of the dangerous flood, and there can be no doubt, that by this sure cable is meant that Divine strength and guidance for which he had just prayed. See Notes XVIII. and XIX., App.

7. ἐλεγχομένῳ. This word is generally rendered " refuted,” or "convicted of error." It here, however, means simply "engaged in an argument." It is thus frequently used in the Gorgias and elsewhere.

8. ἀποκρίνεσθαι, " to take the part of respondent" as well as that of interrogator. Κᾆτα δέ.—See Note XX., App.

9. ἕστηκε μὲν πάντα. See Note XX., App.

10. που. This particle, of so frequent use in the Platonic dialogues, in its primary sense implies doubt or hesitation, and is, therefore, generally said to take away from the positiveness of a declaration, in a manner directly the opposite of dǹ. It is, however, often employed, when nothing of this kind is really intended, but only an appearance of it, in those familiarities of the colloquial style, to which this particle is so admirably adapted. It is a term of courtesy, by which the speaker, to avoid being thought dogmatic or positive, appeals to the other party for his assent, without, however, intending any doubt of the proposition advanced. If connected here with φήσω, it should be rendered, “I will say, shall I not?”. Or if with κινεῖται, it comes nearly to the same thing, “some things move, do they not ?”

....

11. ἑστῶτα ἔστηκε . . . . κινούμενα κινεῖται. Perhaps a better ex ample could not be found in Greek to illustrate the essential difference between the present and the perfect. From its very nature the idea of rest is finished and complete, and is therefore denoted

τοῦτο δρῴη, τὰ δὲ, ἐν πλείοσι. Τὰ τὴν τῶν ἑστώτων ἐν μέσῳ λαμβάνοντα δύναμιν λέγεις, φήσομεν, ἐν ἑνὶ κινεῖσ θαι, καθάπερ ἡ τῶν ἑστάναι λεγομένων κύκλων στρέφεται περιφορά ; Ναί. Μανθάνομεν δέ γε ὡς ἐν ταύτῃ τῇ περιφο ρᾷ τὸν μέγιστον καὶ τὸν σμικρότατον κύκλον ἅμα περιάγουσα ἡ τοιαύτη κίνησις, ἀνὰ λόγον ἑαυτὴν διανέμει σμικ ροῖς τε καὶ μείζοσιν, ἐλάττων τε οὖσα καὶ πλείων κατὰ λόγον. διὸ δὴ τῶν θαυμαστῶν ἁπάντων πηγὴ γέγονεν, ἅμα μεγάλοις καὶ σμικροῖς κύκλοις βραδυτητάς τε καὶ τάχη ὁμολογούμενα πορεύουσα, ἀδύνατον ὡς ἄν τις ἐλπίσειε γίγνεσθαι πάθος. 'Αληθέστατα λέγεις. τὰ δέ γε κινούμενα ἐν πολλοῖς φαίνῃ μοι λέγειν, ὅσα φορᾷ κινεῖται μεταβαίνοντα εἰς ἕτερον ἀεὶ τόπον· καὶ τοτὲ μὲν, ἔστιν ὅτε βάσιν ἑνὸς κεκτημένα τινὸς κέντρου, τοτὲ δὲ πλείονα, τῷ περικυλινδεῖσθαι. προστυγχάνοντας δ' ἑκάστοτε ἑκάστοις, τοῖς

by the latter tense.

Motion, on the other hand, is necessarily continued or incomplete action, and is therefore expressed by the present. Such verbs, however, as παύω, παύομαι, λήγω, do not so much express positive rest, as a ceasing of previous action, which, being a continuous idea, admits of a present form.

12. Τὰ τὴν τῶν ἑστώτων. "You mean, then, we will reply (to our imaginary interlocutor) that those which receive the faculty or property (δύναμιν) of things at rest in the centre (another mode of saying, the property of being at rest, &c.) move in one, just like the revolutions of those wheels that are said to stand." Another, and perhaps a better way would be to take μέσῳ with λαμβάνοντα, instead of ἑστώτων, after this order, τὰ ἐν μέσῳ λαμβάνοντα τὴν τῶν ἑστώτων δύναμιν. Ficinus renders quæ in medio stare possunt. 13. See Note XXI., App.

14. See Note XXII., App.

15. ὁμολογούμενα, to be taken adverbially for ὁμολογουμένως. Αδύνατον . . . πάθος, “ a state of things (πάθος) which, as one would expect, could not possibly take place."

1. ἐν πολλοις, the opposite of ἐν ἑνὶ

“On many centres of motion." Or rolling on a plane, instead of revolving on a fixed point, such as Sextus Empiricus styles τοπικὴν μετάβασιν. Sext. Emp., Pyrrh. Hypot., iii., 8 and 64.

2. προστυγχάνοντα. "As they meet continually with individual

ἑστῶσι μὲν διασχίζεται, τοῖς δ ̓ ἀλλήλοις ἐξ ἐναντίας ἀπαντῶσι καὶ φερομένοις εἰς ἓν γιγνόμενα μέσα τε καὶ μεταξὺ τῶν τοιούτων συγκρίνεται. λέγω γὰρ οὖν ταῦτα οὕτως ἔχοντα ὡς σὺ λέγεις. καὶ μὴν καὶ συγκρινόμενα μὲν αὐξά νεται, διακρινόμενα δὲ φθίνει τότε ὅταν ἡ καθεστηκυῖα ἑκάστων ἕξις διαμένῃ· μὴ μενούσης δὲ αὐτῆς, δι' ἀμφότερα ἀπόλλυται. γίγνεται δὴ πάντων γένεσις, ἡνίκ ̓ ἂν τί πά. θος ᾖ ; δῆλον ὡς ὁπόταν ἀρχὴ λαβοῦσα αὔξην, εἰς τὴν δευ τέραν ἔλθῃ μετάβασιν, καὶ ἀπὸ ταύτης, εἰς τὴν πλησίον, καὶ μέχρι τριῶν ἐλθοῦσα, αἴσθησιν σχῇ τοῖς αἰσθανομένοις. μεταβάλλον μὲν οὖν οὕτω καὶ μετακινούμενον γίγνεται πᾶν. ἔστι δὲ ὄντως ὄν, ὁπόταν μένῃ· μεταβαλὸν δὲ εἰς ἄλλην ἕξιν, διέφθαρται παντελῶς. ἆρ ̓ οὖν κινήσεις πάσας εἰρήκαμεν ὡς ἐν εἴδεσι λαβεῖν μετ' ἀριθμοῦ, πλήν γε, ὦ φίλοι, δυοῖν ;

ΚΛ. Ποίαιν δή;

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Αθ. Σχεδόν, ὦ 'γαθέ, ἐκείναιν, ὧν ἕνεκα πᾶσα ἡμῖν ἐστ τὶν ἡ σκέψις τανῦν.

ΚΛ. Λέγε σαφέστερον.

Αθ. Ψυχῆς ἦν ἕνεκά που ;

ΚΛ. Πάνυ μὲν οὖν.

Αθ. Ἔστω τοίνυν ἡ μὲν ἕτερα δυναμένη κινεῖν κίνησις, ἑαυτὴν δὲ ἀδυνατοῦσα αἰεὶ μία τις· ἡ δ ̓ ἑαυτήν τ' αἰεὶ καὶ ἕτερα δυναμένη κατά τε συγκρίσεις ἔν τε διακρίσεσιν, αὔξαις τε καὶ τῷ ἐναντίῳ, καὶ γενέσεσι καὶ φθοραῖς, ἄλλη μία τις αὖ τῶν πασῶν κινήσεων.

ΚΛ. Ἔστω γὰρ οὖν.

opposing objects, by those that stand they are divided, while with others that meet them (being borne from opposite directions) they unite, so that the centres and intervening parts come together into one."

3, 4, 5. See Note XXIII., App.

6. See Note XXIV., App.

7. διέφθαρται. " It is utterly destroyed,” that is, " the thing which before was, no longer is." See Notes XXIII. and XXIV., App., on the words φθίσις, αὔξησις, φθορὰ, εἰμὶ, and γίγνομαι.

8, 9. See Note XXV., App.

C

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ΑΘ. Οὐκοῦν τὴν μὲν ἕτερον ἀεὶ κινοῦσαν, καὶ μεταβαλ λομένην ὑφ' ἑτέρου, θήσομεν ἐνάτην αὖ, τήν τε ἑαυτὴν κινοῦσαν καὶ ἕτερα, ἐναρμόττουσαν πᾶσι μὲν ποιήμασι, πᾶσι δὲ παθήμασι, καλουμένην δὲ ὄντως τῶν ὄντων πάν. των μεταβολὴν καὶ κίνησιν, ταύτην δὲ δεκάτην σχεδόν ἐροῦμεν.

ΚΛ. Παντάπασι μὲν οὖν.

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Αθ. Τῶν δὴ δέκα μάλιστα ἡμῖν κινήσεων τίνα προκρίναιμεν ὀρθότατα πασῶν ἐῤῥωμενεστάτην τε εἶναι καὶ πρακτικὴν διαφερόντως ;

ΚΛ. Μυρίῳ ἀνάγκη που φάναι διαφέρειν τὴν αὐτὴν δυναμένην κινεῖν, τὰς δὲ ἄλλας πάσας, ὑστέρας.

Αθ. Εὖ λέγεις. ἆρ' οὖν ἡμῖν τῶν νῦν οὐκ ὀρθῶς ῥηθέν. των μεταθετέον ἓν ἢ καὶ δύο ;

ΚΛ. Ποῖα φής ;

Αθ. Τὸ τῆς δεκάτης ῥηθὲν σχεδὸν οὐκ ὀρθῶς εἴρηται. ΚΛ. Πῆ;

Αθ. Πρῶτον γενέσει τέ ἐστι καὶ ῥώμῃ, κατὰ λόγον· τὸ δὲ μετὰ τοῦτο ἔχομεν τούτου δεύτερον, ἄρτι ῥηθὲν ἀτόπως ἔνατον.

ΚΛ. Πῶς λέγεις ;

ΑΘ. 'Ωδε. ὅταν ἕτερον ἄλλο ἡμῖν μεταβάλῃ, καὶ τοῦτο ἄλλο ἕτερον ἀεί, τῶν τοιούτων ἆρα ἔσται ποτέ τι πρῶτον μεταβάλλον ; καὶ πῶς, ὅταν ὑπ ̓ ἄλλου κινῆται, τοῦτ' ἔσται

10. See Note XXV., App.

11. τίνα προκρίναιμεν. This is the common reading. It is evident, however, that ἂν should be supplied.

12. See Note XXVI., App.

13. μυρίῳ. Hyperbolical measure of excess. "By ten thousand times."

14. μεταθετέον. "Must we change the order in one or two particulars ?”

15. πρῶτον. The meaning of this is, that what was last or tenth in the order of the previous investigation, becomes first in the order of nature and in the degree of importance; and that which we before wrongly called the ninth, becomes now the second. See Notes XXV. and XXVI., App.

ποτὲ τῶν ἀλλοιούντων πρῶτον ; ἀδύνατον γάρ. ἀλλ' ὅταν ἄρα αὐτὸ αὐτὸ κινῆσαν ἕτερον ἀλλοιώσῃ, τὸ δ' ἕτερον ἄλλο, καὶ οὕτω δὴ χίλια ἐπὶ μυρίοις γίγνηται τὰ κινηθέντα, μῶν ἀρχή τις αὐτῶν ἔσται τῆς κινήσεως ἁπάσης ἄλλη, πλὴν ἡ τῆς αὐτῆς αὐτὴν κινησάσης μεταβολή;

ΚΛ. Κάλλιστα εἶπες· συγχωρητέα τε τούτοις.

Αθ. Ἔτι δὴ καὶ τόδε εἴπωμεν, καὶ ἀποκρινώμεθα πάλιν ἡμῖν αὑτοῖσιν. εἰ σταίη πως τὰ πάντα ὁμοῦ γενόμενα, και θάπερ οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν τοιούτων τολμῶσι λέγειν, τίν' ἄρα ἐν αὐτοῖς ἀνάγκη πρώτην κίνησιν γενέσθαι τῶν εἰρημένων ;

ΚΛ. Τὴν αὐτὴν δή που κινοῦσαν. ὑπ' ἄλλου γὰρ οὐ μή ποτε ἔμπροσθεν μεταπέσῃ, μηδεμιᾶς γε ἐν αὐτοῖς οὔσης ἔμπροσθεν μεταπτώσεως.

ΑΘ. ̓Αρχὴν ἄρα κινήσεων πασῶν καὶ πρώτην ἔν τε ἑσ τῶσι γενομένην καὶ ἐν κινουμένοις οὖσαν τὴν αὐτὴν κινοῦ σαν, φήσομεν ἀναγκαίως εἶναι πρεσβυτάτην καὶ κρατίστην μεταβολὴν πασῶν· τὴν δὲ ἀλλοιουμένην ὑφ' ἑτέρου, κινοῦ σαν δὲ ἕτερα, δευτέραν.

ΚΛ. 'Αληθέστατα λέγεις.

ΑΘ. Οπότε δὴ τοίνυν ἐνταῦθα ἐσμεν τοῦ λόγου, τόδε ἀποκρινώμεθα.

ΚΛ. Τὸ ποῖον ;

ΑΘ. Ἐὰν ἴδωμέν που ταύτην γενομένην ἐν τῷ γηΐνῳ, ἢ ἐνύδρῳ, ἢ πυροειδεῖ, κεχωρισμένῳ ἢ καὶ ξυμμιγεῖ, τί ποτε φήσομεν ἐν τῷ τοιούτῳ πάθος εἶναι ;

ΚΛ. Μῶν ἆρά με ἐρωτᾷς εἰ ζῆν' αὐτὸ προσεροῦμεν ὅταν αὐτὸ αὐτὸ κινῇ ;

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1. ἀρχὴν ἄρα κινήσεων. Seeing, then, that it is the principle of all motions, the first among things that stand, and being self-moving among things that move, we will say that it is the oldest and strongest,” &c.

7

2. ἐνταῦθα λόγου. "In this part of our argument.” Compare such expressions as ποῦ γῆς—ποι γῆς—εἰς τόδ' ἀπορίας—ἵν' εἶ κακοῦ ὡς ὀργῆς ἔχω.

3. ταύτην. Supply κίνησιν.

4. ζῆν προσεροῦμεν ὅταν αὐτὸ αὐτὸ κινῇ ; “ Shall we call it life (or