John de Monte, Stephen Long, and Richard le Prest, also each held their land by a like tenure, for periods varying from fifteen to eight days, and paid rent.

The rents of assize, or fixed rents, of Brunley amounted to £6: 13: 3, paid by sixty tenants, who, as their names shew, were almost all Welsh, and were liable to attend. the lord's court at Huntington.

In Kynton there were fifty-nine free tenants, who paid a total rent of £6: 4: 7, and were also liable to attend the lord's court.

Before 1335 the military service of the tenants had been commuted for a fixed yearly payment of £3: 8: 4, returned as rent of knightward; and the rents of the free tenants, whose names are not again given, are returned as rents of assize in a gross sum amounting to £22:3:11, payable half yearly. Under the latter head occur also rents of English and Welsh serjeanty, producing respectively £1 and £1: 6: 8, the origin of which does not appear. Other rents of assize were the burgage rents of Kington and Huntington, the value of two pounds of pepper, a prise of lime, and four horseshoes and thirty-two nails, the latter a not unusual render to the lord in feudal tenures.

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The Welsh tenants also paid to the lord yearly the value of six sums and nine truggs of oatmeal,-the sum being equal to the quarter, and containing eight bushels or twelve truggs. There was also a custom called " lemay" or "clammay," that all the Welsh tenants of the manor should every third year pay to the lord, at the feast of the Invention of the Cross, the price of four cows with calves. A similar custom prevailed in the manors of Brecon and Hay.

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Another customary tribute, styled " passagium," in the manor of Hay and in the manor of Huntington, “ dayngerous passage," was levied on the Welsh tenants for passing along the highways of the manor; which is returned in the minister's account (37 Henry VIII) as no longer leviable, because the tenants refused to pay, alleging as a reason that they were relieved from the

payment by stat. 27 Henry VIII, c. 26, which placed the inheritance of lands in Wales on the same footing as of lands in England," and not after any Welsh tenure, nor after the form of any Welsh laws or customs." In the twenty-first year of the same reign the bailiff claims. an allowance of several rents due from Welsh tenants, under the head of rents of assize, because the tenants were destitute, and could receive no profit that year on account of the strife and contention prevailing in the country there.

No mention is made in the inquisition of 1299 of the customary works which certain tenants of the manor were liable to perform, and which had been commuted into a money payment, when they are first mentioned.

The difference of nation and language soon caused a line of demarcation to be drawn, and an early division of the manor into English and Welsh. The names of the tenants in Huntington and Kington were almost wholly English, while those in Brunley were all Welsh, as are also the names of the farms in Welsh Huntington; and it is a matter worthy of remark, that in the particulars of the reeve's disbursements in the reigns of Edward III and Henry IV, he makes use of English words to denote articles purchased; thus shewing that English was the language spoken in English Huntington as early as the reign of Edward III, and probably in that of Henry III. This is the more remarkable as the Welsh language was spoken in the neighbouring manors of Clifford, Winforton, Eardisley, and Whitney, in the reign of Henry VIII.1

The surnames of the free tenants are derived, 1, from their places of residence; 2, occupation or business; 3, personal peculiarity, or the more simple form of a conjunction of the son's Christian name with that of his father. The following will serve as instances:

1. In Huntington, Hugo de Heergast, Philip de Bauerton, John de la Sale, John de Monte, John de Roge

Sir John Price's description of Wales in Powell's History of Wales by Wynne, p. xxii.

bache, William de Mosley, Philip Grenewey, John Goldewall, Emma de Kynton, Philip of Huntyton, John de Chickwardyn. In Kington, Alice Penros, Roger de Wod, Howel de Penbur Hoc (Pember's Oak), Walter de Mohonly,' John de Knolle, Philip de Bosco, Philip de Schawe, 2 Jevan de Neweton, William Bulkote.

2. In Huntington, Robert le Walkare (Walk fulling mill), Walter le Despenser (or steward), Philip Pistator (or baker), Richard le Preste, Peter le Chaloner (or coverlet maker), Eynolf Suter, Madock Carnifex, Matilda le Chartare (or parchment-seller), Luke Fisher, John le Mason. In Kington.-William le Monnare (or miller), Stephen le Cachepol (or constable), Wladusa la Sharestere (or cutter out of cloth), Walter Vigilis, William Clerk, Isabel la Carpentare, Henry Cyrothecarius (or glover), Richard Molendinus (or miller). In Brilley.— Griffith le Harper, John le Clerk.

3. Nicholas Lupus, Stephen Long, Philip le Hore (or hoary), William Loke, William Bullock, John Cry.

The following are the most striking names in Brilley: Eynon Loyd, Eynon Voyl, Wronow ap Philip, Iorward ap Meiler, Howel ap Kady, Meurick ap Phelipp, Iorward ap Ivor, David Vachan, Iouan Trewisopp, Willym Talbant, Llewellyn ap Youeth, Kady ap Griffith Tilewyn, Griffith ap Gurgenny, Adaf Craac. The following names, of a Welsh origin, occur among the Kington tenants - Adaf Willym, Wethlian (widow), Agnes Wenthly, Neest (daughter of Roger), David, son of Iouweth), William ap Adaf, Matilda (daughter of Iouan), Wenthlian (daughter of Eynon), Mabil Iorwerth.

In the reign of Edward III and Henry IV the following names are most worthy of note:-1, William atte Mere, Thomas Rushok, David Huntington, Agnes atte

1 This name occurs with the variations of Maholm, Mogholm, and finally disappears from the rolls of the manor with Edward Mahollam who in 1719 surrendered the Knowle to his nephew, Thomas Watson and Joan Mahollam, in 1751. It is still perpetuated in Mahollam Farm.

2Shawe," a place shaded with trees. (Verstegan, Restitution of Decayed Intelligence.)

Hull of Pembreshok, Philip Maholm, John Wotton, Philip Pons, Roger Combe, Edmund Old Halle, John Lollewalle, John atte Knolle, David Moseley, Philip Attewode. 2, John Burgeys, Roger Cullebokke, Simon Cook, John Sumpter, Henry Weele, Philip Taillor, Matilda Walker, Richard Parker, Henry Tiller, Roger le Mart, William Cissor. 3, Roger Carles, John Simynghope, Agnes Hering, Lucie Culnard, Robert Paty, William Hunt, Thomas Amondesham, William Daykin.

During the latter period the following names of Welsh tenants occur:-John ap Aleyn, Jevan ap Llewellyn Vachan, Ievan ap Gorder, Rosser ap Cadogan, Cadogan ap Griffith, Ieuan Vachan, Ieuan Goch, Griffid apGounda, Philip Gam, William ap Eynon, Jenkin ap Gwillim, Trehairon Gam (outlaw of the manor), Hoell Wynne, William Howell Harper (ballivus Wall'), Edward ap Rees.

Another class of rents is returned under the head of "novus redditus" or "firme," in respect of lands let yearly, or for a term not exceeding twenty-one years, with reference to the rolls of court. The total amount of them is inconsiderable. They arose probably from land which fell to the lord by escheat or forfeiture.

There was also another class of tenants, forming probably the larger number, who held their lands by the performance of agricultural services; the representatives of the villeins or cotarii of an earlier age, but in the accounts of this manor referred to as tenants liable to such services by custom, except in the inquisition, 38 Henry VI, where they are styled nativi.

As the manor was held by a family who were hereditary chief constables of England, allied by birth or marriage to royalty in many of its members, and occupiers of a conspicuous position in all affairs of state, the management of it devolved on the reeve, who appears to have been one of the tenants selected by themselves to fill the office. These circumstances, and the unsettled state of the marches, probably conduced, at an early period, to the amelioration of the condition of this class

of tenants, brought about a commutation of their actual service at an early period, and placed them in a better position than the serfs of other manors.

The account of Roger Barton, reeve in 1372, gives the best account of the works to which these tenants were liable, and it may therefore serve as an illustration of their nature. The tenants of Rushok, Bradenorsence (Bradnor), Kyngton, Lollewall, Brudeford (broad ford, now corrupted into Bredward), Moseley, Chichwardyn, and Huntington, were liable to two hundred and ninety works and a half of the plough in the winter and Lent seasons, and on the fallow land, the value of each work being assessed at 3d.; twenty works with the plough, assessed at the same sum, were due at the Lent season from the tenants of either Hergest; ten ploughings, assessed at 4d. each, at the seasons first mentioned, were due from the tenants of Bollinghill; and the Welsh tenants, by a custom referred to as "injungens inter se 14 carrucata," were liable to fourteen plough-works assessed at 4d. each. He returns, as in default, the price of twenty-four plough-works due from the tenants of Rushok, and of twelve plough-works from the tenants of East and West Hergest; and assigns as a reason that the tenants were dead, and the lands liable were then in the lord's hands for want of tenants. The English tenants of the manor were also liable to eighty works of hoeing at d., fifty works of mowing at 2d., twentytwo works of spreading the herbage at 1d., and eightynine works of tossing hay at 1d. for each work. The tenants of Bollinghill and either Hergest owed a hundred and seventeen works of reaping hard corn, and a hundred and seventeen works of reaping oats at 1d. each. Fifty harvest-works, at 1d. each, were also due from the Hergest tenants, and the Welsh tenants were liable to perform a hundred and forty-eight works of reaping oats at the same price. A default in payment is again mentioned, of the sums due from the tenements before referred to. Sixty-one tenants of Kington, Barton, and Chykwardyn, were also liable to two hundred and eighty-three