During the fummer, the Icelanders ufually live on the head of the cod, as they falt the other parts of that fish for the purpoles of exportation; and during the winter they conlume the heads of their fheep, which they alfo falt; the part referved for themfelves, is preferved, we are told, in a fpecies of vinegar, made with four whey; and this, in addition to milk, conftitutes their chief fubfiftence, bread being very fcare that bught from Copenhagen is a fpecies of biscuit made of rye. They boil their fif for the most part in falt wa ter, and use neither falt nor spice; butter being the foe ingredient ever employed by them. The Atlas, which accompanies the five volumes, whence we have extracted the above particulars, befides maps, contains defigns of the most interesting objects, defcribed in the body of the work. In addition to this, there is a large chart of Iceland, containing a correct outline of all the gulphs, Lays, rivers, stations, most of the fines with which the circumjacent fas abcted are alfo correctly figured, &c, The birds of prey, are arranged and claffed according to their respective genera. "Quelques Obfervations Importantes et Cumeutes fur la Vaccine," &c. Seve yal Curicus and Important Obfervations, relative to the Vaccine Inoculation in par. ticular, and the Medical Art in general. By G. JOUARD, of the Department of the Allier, a Physician and Man of Let ters. The author is very laudably employed in combating, both by means of argument and facts, fuch of his countrymen as are ftill infidels relative to the excellence of the new discovery here alluded to. Not content with maintaining its fuperiority over the ancient method of inoculation, he infifts that it is never attended with the leaft dan ger, while he, at the fame time, endeavours to calm the tender folicitude of mothers, by pointing out the extreme fimplicity of the operation. Towards the conclufion, he maintains, in confequence of a number of cafes which have come under his inspection, that the Jennerian method, not unfrequently produces a falutary alteration, that not only facilitates, but even produces, the cure of ether maladies. "Géographie Mathematique, Phyfque, et Politique de Toutes les Parties du Monde, rédigée d'après ce qui a été publié d'exact et de nouveau par les Géographes, les Naturaliftes, les Voyageurs et les Auteurs de Statistique des Nations les plus éclairés, destinée principalement aux Maifons d'Education, aux Professeurs de Géographie, aux Négocians, et aux Bis bliothèques des Hommes d'Etat; publiće par E. MENTELLE, de l'Inftitut National; MALTE BRUN, Géographe Da nois. Les Détails fur la France, par ERRIN, employé au Ministére du Grand Juge, et Membre de la Société de Statistique de Paris. Dédidée au Conful Cam, bacérès. Paris, Tardieu, Imprimeurlibraire, Rue des Mathurins, S. Jacques, No. 335. 15 Volumes de Texte de 500 à 550 pages chacun, format in 89. Première livrain, 5 vol. 8°. Prix 30 fr."-The Mathematical, Phyfical, and Political Geography of all Parts of the World, compiled from all the new and most correct Works published by Geographers, Travellers, and Authors, refpecting the Statisticks of the most enlightened Nations, chiefly deftined for the Education of Youth, the Profeffors of Geography, Merchants, &c. &c. Publifhed by E, Mentelle, of the National Institute, and Malte Brun, a Danish_Geogra pher. The Details relative to France by Herbin, &c. 15 vols. 8vo. Of this work, which is dedicated to the Conful Cambacérès, the Editors give the following account : "Far from copying (fay M. Mentelle and Brun) the univerfal geographical pub, lications to be found in foreign coun tries, and which themfelves are mere ly copies or abridgments of others, we have afcended to the fources of geographical knowledge; we have appro priated to ourselves indeed, but merely as a mine worthy of being explored, all the fcattered materials exitting in the dif ferent European languages; we have confidered the aftronomers, the philofophers, and the naturalifts, as our guides and our masters; all the travellers as our colleagues; and all nations as our tribu, taries." Five volumes only of this very extenfive publication have as yet appeared, and of these we fhall here give a brief defcription: The 1ft confifts of general geography,, and tome treatises on that fcience. The 2d contains an introduction to a knowledge of Europe in general, and Sweden and Denmark, with their dependences, in particular. The 3d conveys an account of Great Britain and the Batavian Republic. The 4th includes the tates of Auftria and Pruffia, together with appendixes rela Hive to Poland and the German indem nities. And the 5th the fates of the empire; to which are added, some general articles relative to Germany. Among the principal memoirs contained in these volumes is one by Mentelle, on the confidence that ought to be put in ancient geographers on this occafion, in conformity to the nature of the work, which is entirely analytical, he gives an excellent analysis of the celebrated production of Goffelin on this fubject. This is followed by two more of the fame fpe. cies of compofition; the one a theory of the earth by Buffon, and the other by Deluc. They are, indeed, diametrically oppofite to each other in refpect to the refult; but, in the language of the editor, this very contraft becomes more piquant, in confequence of the great renown poffeffed by both thefe authors: the former on the fcore of genius and imagination; the latter on that of knowledge and argument." Thefe are followed by a new chronological fummary, relative to the progress of geography among European nations, a work in itself fo interefting, that it might be detached from the general plan, on purpose to form a publica ion by itself. As the refemblance between the days of the week, in Latin and Gothic, is confidered as ftriking, we fhall here tranfcribe them, in their refpective languages, more efpecially as this ftriking conformity, in nearly all languages, has often been adduced as a proof of one common fource. Latin. Dies folis (jour du soleil.) Lune (jour de la lune.) Martis (jour de Mars.) Mercurii (jour de Mercure.) Jovis (jour de Jupiter.) Veneris (jour de Vénus.) Saturni (jour de Saturne.) Gothick. Sunnardag (jour du foleil.) et de la Sageffe.) Thers-dag (jour du Dieu du Tonnerre.) Fraya dag (jourde la Déefe de l'Amour.) Langus dag (jour de la purification) It would be unpardonable to omit, that The fecond volume abounds with a variety of inftructive and interefting particulars, relative to Europe, particularly a comparative eftimate of its various kingdoms and ftates: thefe are preceded by a general introduction replete with talents and enthusiasm." In iffuing from the hands of nature, (fays the author of this portion of the work) our part of the globe poffeffed: no claim to that pre-eminence which dif tinguishes it at this day. The Orel Lana, and the Nile, these two kings of rivers, would have found themselves ftraitened throughout the extent of the quarter which we inhabit. Those fruits which at prefent conftitute the pride of our gardens, are prefents from more fortunate climates we are rich alone by borrowing. This narrow peninfula, which makes a figure or the globe, merely as an appendix to Aña, is become the metropolis of the human race, and the legiflatrix of the univerfes Europe is every where ;-a whole conti nent is peopled with our colonies, and one half of our armies would be fully fufficient to conquer the feeble Asia, and the ferocious Africa." This is affuredly a work of confiderable merit, but it is ridiculous to confider it in the light of a fchool-book, being far too voluminous for the perufal of youth. "Principles de Droit Naturel Appli qués à l'Ordre Social, à l'Ufage des Jeunes Gens deftinés aux Fonctions Publiques," &c. The Principles of Natural Law, apa plied to the Social Order, for the Use of fuch Young Men as may be defined for Public Functions. By J. P. MAFFIOLI, formerly a Lawyer of Nancy. 2 vols. 8vo. By natural law, the author understands the rules obferved by men, in their inter courfe with each other, independently of thofe pofitive laws inftituted by the focial compact in every nation. The work of M. Maffioli confifts of four books, which. are divided into fo many conferences. He. lays it down as a principle, that natural law is merely the refult of the knowledge of man; and in this review he by turns developes his faculties, his fenfibility, his impreffibility, (impreffibilité) his reafon, his imagination, his liberty, his morality, his confcience, &c. After this, he esta blishes the neceflity of a revealed religion, which he maintains to be a neceflary con fequence from human nature. "Out of the revealed law," fays he (liv. ii. confer 6. p. 143.) there is no public law, no law of nations, no liberty, no equality, no fovereignty." According to him," ante rior to revelation, there did not exist any other law than that of the frongeft, while Chriftianity by its benign influence, (as we are told) has ently annoilated flavery. Sovereignty (it is added) does not appesta n to the people; the government of one's that that of nature; the fovereignty, confided to an affembly, is formed on the model of the god of Spirofa. Political liberty is wholly impracticable, both in law and fact; there is no equality but under a monarchy republicaniim, even in spi e of the magistrate himfelf, engenders, from i's very nature, oppreffion and inequality; there is no republic but under the government of a high perfon," &c. "Des Bois Propres aux Conftru&tions Navales, Manuel des Agens Forefiers et Maritimes; contenant les Lois, Règlemens, et Inßructions relatifs à la Difpofition et à l'Ulage des Bois de Marine. Accompagné de vingt-fept Figures, gravées et enluminées, réduites fur celles données par l'Adminiftration Génerale des Forêts, à la Suite de fes Inftructions Officielles du 20 Meflider An XI; fuivi d'un Dictionnaire des Principaux Term d'Architec ture Navale ; par GOUJON (de la Somme) ancien Jurifconfulte, Editeur du Mémorial des Forêts." Of the Woods proper for Naval Purposes, a Manuel for the Agents employed in Forefts and Maritime Affairs, containing the Laws, Regulations, and In. ftructions relative to the Ufe and Difpofition of thofe termed Maritime Woods; accompanied with twenty-feven Figures, engraved and illuminated, &c. &c. : to which is added, a Dictionary, defcribing the principal Terms of Naval Architecture; by Goujon, (of the Somme) formerly a Jurisconful, and Editor of the Memorial relative to Forefts. This manual contains: 1. An account of the ordonnance refpecting waters and forefts, in 1669; and alfo the woods referved for building the royal palaces and fhips of war. 2. Two arretés, or orders of the king's council: one of the 21ft of September, 1700, which regulates the formalities proper to be obferved relative to the affairs of the marine; the other of July 23, 1748, probiting ecclefiaftical as well as fecular communities, and even private perions, from cutting down any foreft trees, which had been previously marked by the officers of the royal marine. 4. The laws relative to the exportation of wood. 5. An arreté of the confuls published in the year 11, concerning wood proper for knees and ribs for men of war. 6. Regulations relative to the national woods. 7. Twenty-feven illuminated plates of fkeletons of veflels. And, 8. A dictionary of the technical terms employed in the forefts and dock yards. It appears by a law of the 9th Floreal of the 11th year: 1. That the payment for the wood appertaining to individuals, will be made. previously to its being taken away. 2. That the carriage is not to be delayed more than a-year after its being cut. "Analyfe des Opinions diverfes fur l'Origine de l'Imprimerie," &c.—AnAnalyfs of the different Opinions entertained relative to the Origin of Printing, by DAUNOU, Member of the National Inftitute. I vol. 8vo. The prefent and laft age have derived fuch fignal benefits from the difcovery of the art of printing, that it is impoffible to be indifferent relative to its origin. The event is not very remote, for it cannot be dated further back than three centuries and a half; yet, although Europe at that period poffeffed feveral literary men of fome eminence, yet we are not pofitively acquainted either with the name of the real inventor, or the firft proceffes, or even the first products of the art. The obfcurity in which all these objects is enveloped, proceeds from the genuine difpofition of mankind, in respect to new difcoveries and their inventors. Some are indifferent, not a few jealous, and many are prejudiced. Nor ought it to be omitted that the first inventors concealed their difcovery, with an affected air of mystery; and it has been faid that they wished to im pofe fo far on the world, as to fell for ma nufcripts, and at a high price, those books compofed in a far more expeditious mode. The earlieft effays might also have proved too unpromising to fix the attention, and it was not until after the most decitive fuccefs, that a contention arose relative to the firft difcovery. It then unfortunately occurred, that the names of the perfons who made the original attempts, those who created the art itlelf, as well as thofe who perfected it, together with the names of the places where the fift effays took place, and the cities where the first sheets were worked off; in fhort, every thing effential became fubject of difpute. In fine, printing has not only become an object of a difcuffion, but even of a ferious quarrel between Harlem, Strafburg, and Mayence, while Cofter, Guttemberg, Fuft, and Schaffer, have all had in their turn their refpective partizans and enemies. In this predicament, M. Daunou has ftepped forward, and acting in the capacity of an advocate general, or a magiftrate of the ancient parliaments, has drawn up and delivered in a report, in which he bas difcovered not only much knowledge, but but also great impartiality and acuteness. Typography, as he justly obferves, confifts in the art of forming the moveable types, or ground-work of the copies which are to be taken of any difcourfe, &c. The art of forming this type, as formerly, by means of folid plates, is no more than the art of engraving, applied to the reprefentation of a written differtation. According to him, neither the fubftance of the characters, nor the manner of cutting them, ought to enter into the enquiry, as typography commences the moment that moveable plates are applied, and a new art has arisen on the part of him who originally compofed them either of wood or metal, whether melted or fculptured. After this, the author paffes in review the various pamphlets, books, &c. ufually confidered as the first productions of the art of printing. He then enquires, whether thefe were the productions of tabular printing (by means of folid plates) or of typography, properly fo called? And what is the real epoch of thefe productions which bear not any date? The firft work which poffeffes a date in the body of the impreffion, is the Pfalter of 1457. Before the Pfalter, the only production of great extent, which there are juft notices to believe, claims a more ancient origin, is the Bible in folio, known by the defignation of the Bible of 637 pages, of two columns each, each column of 40 lines at least and 42 at the most. The quantity of this impreffion, induces the author to fuppofe, that it could have been executed by moveable characters alone. The next confideration is, the person or perfons to whom the invention ought to be attributed; and this leads M. Daunou to refer to Guttemberg who, after refiding at Strafburgh, returned to Mayence, his native country, where he affociated himfelf, and worked along with Fuft. A variety of different confiderations unite to prove, or at leaf to fuppofe, that the Bible of 637 leaves, is the joint product of the labours of Guttemberg and Fut, at Mayence. The refult is, that the invenion of printing ought to be attributed to Guttemberg, and that the first productions of this charming art were published at Mayence. M. Daunou further fuppofes, that the B.bie of 637 pages was printed in characters caft for the purpose, and that Schæffer, the fon-in-law of Fuft, merely aflifted in the progress of the difcovery, by find ing out a more eafy mode of forming the character, perhaps by means of the matrices now in common ufe, &c. MONTHLY MAG, No. 117. "Differtation fur le Prejugé qui attri bue aux Egyptiens l'Honneur de la Découverte des Sciences et des Arts, lue à la Séance" &c.-A Differtation on the Pre ju lice which attributes to the Egyptians the Honour of the Discovery of the Arts and Sciences, read at the public Sitting of the Academy of Caen, on the 15th Germinal of the 10th Year; by C. CAILLY, a Member of the Academy, and Vice Prefident of the Tribunal of Appeal; 8vo. We have already noticed this work; but as every thing relative to the arts and fciences is interefting, and as Egypt in particular, is a fubject well calculated to engage the attention of a nation, whofe armies performed fuch brilliant actions there, we shall now complete the analysis. While treating of fculpture, the author remarks, that all the monumen s of that defcription atteft the infancy of this art among the ancient Egyptians. Their ftatues neither announced genius, nor talents, nor precifion, nor correctness. Winckelmann, in his Monumenti Inediti, attributes this to three caufes, which have retarded the progrefs of the Egyptians in refpect to every thing connected with defign. 1. A ftrict resemblance, in point of figure, among all the individuals of this nation. 2. The ftrict genius of its government and religion; and, 3. The quality of the artists. Navigation and Commerce.-The religious prejudices of the people were in exprefs oppofition to both of these. The fea was held in execration among the Egyp tians; it was their Typhon, the enemy of Oliris. The priests took care to inculcate and maintain an averfion for every species of commerce, and all communication with foreigners was interdicted. It was not until the last of their kings began to reign, that entrance into Egypt was permitted to strangers. Medicine and Chemistry. The author mentions the former of thefe, merely as a collection of ridiculous and fuperftitious practices, deftitute of any anatomical acquirements, the principal part confifting of a dietetic regimen. In respect to che miftry, the ufe of the most common pro-, ceffes was entirely unknown. Inftitutions, Civil and Political.-Both ancients and moderns have overwhelmed the Egyptians with eulogiums on the wildom of their government; but, according to Paw, whofe opinion has been adopted by M. Cailly, the ancients, who paid fuch high respect to the laws and 4 Z policy efpoused her from the odious principle of intereft, and never once claimed the rights of a husband. The two first volumes are filled with the adventures of her early life, a great portion of which are likely to be at least apocryphal; in addition to this, they have been repeatedly narrated before. The third and fourth contain an account of facts, less known, but more interesting; they chiefly relate to her conduct during the late revolution. A robbery of diamonds, to a confiderable amount, rendered it neceffry that the should take no lefs than four journies to England, &c.; and thefe became a pretext for her death, while certain Dutch bankers, who could be reproached with no other crime than that of tranfmitting money to a female who had left France with regular paffports, and therefore could not be confidered as an emigrant, were involved in her ruin. A little before her execution, the attempted to obtain a procraftination, if not a repeal, of the fentence, by offering to indicate the particular parts, where the had concealed her money. On the other hand, M. Wandenyver, fenior, who was affaffinated along with her, fo far from lament ing his fate, calmly employed himself in defignating certain effects appertaining to foreigners, which had been entrusted to his care; and knowing that all his own property would be confifcated, he earneftly entreated that a debt of 300 livres in affignats, which he owed to Boze, the painter, might be repaid him. On being placed in the fatal cart along with this old man, his two fons, and the deputy Noel, Madame Dubarry was feized with terror, and uttered loud and piering lamentations. "The grief of the Countess (says M. De Favrolle) was fo violent, and indeed fo moving, that the officer of the gendarmerie, fearing left a capricious people, who had permitted the king and queen to be tranquilly conducted to the guillotine, might produce a commotion, and thus fave the mistress of Louis XV. gave orders to haften the progrefs of thofe condemned. On their arrival at the Place de la Revolution fhe was obliged to defcend first, and her grief now became fo violent, that her reafon seemed to be affected; and when the executioner appeared, the exclaimed, lp! Help! (A moi! A moi!) Soon this, he was more collected, and that mild and perfuafive voice that before entreated in vain, exclaimed, vme a moment longer, Sir, I be feech you!" (Encore un moment, Monfieur, je vous prie!) But deaf, as the frightful deity of which he was the minitter, he did not ap pear even to hear the words addreffed to him from her ftill charming mouth; for he feized the unfortunate Dubarry and without the leaft pity for her fine form, threw her on the block; a moment after this, that head whose beauty had placed it so near the throne, fell under the axe that terminated the fate of our laft king and his auguft spouse. "Introduction à la Phyfique Terreftre par les Fluides Expanfibles."-An Introduction to the Natural Philofophy of the Earth, by the Expanfible Fluids. M. de Luc, a natural philofopher of great repute on the continent, appears by this publication to be at open war with the chemins of the prefent day. He announces in his preface, "that he confiders the new chemical theory, as completely barring the way to the advancement of fcience, and he treats it with an equal degre of ferocity throughout the whole of his work. After quoting Bacon, and making the fame reproach to the philofophers of the prefent day, as that great man did to thofe of his own age, he enters on an analysis of the new theory, and while alluding to the compofition and decompofition of water, obferves, that the whole foundation of the modern doctrines, entirely refts on two facts, one of which, if we are to give credit to its advocates, has been proved analytically, the other fynthetically. He then attacks the principles which have directed the late M. de Lavoifier in his opinions, and after defcribing a variety of experiments concludes thus: "All thefe particular facts, of which it would be eafy to multiply examples, authorise me to lay it down as a general principle, that nearly all the bodies in nature, (according to M.de Lavoifier) are capable of exifting in three different states; in the state of folidity; in the ftate of liquidity; and in the äereform ftate; and that these three states of the fame bodies depend on the quantity of caloric combined with them.' This, however, is denied by M. de Luc, who maintains, that mercury and water alone are in the state here alluded to; he alfo reproaches Lavoisier with having mistaken the nature of water, and infinuates that he has confounded the elastic vapour with the permanent gaffes. "A Defcription of Plants, either en tirely new, or hitherto but little known, cultivated in the Garden of J. M. Cels, |