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ufeful hints, but unfortunately intermixed with fingular opinions that have been frequently refuted.

Although Germany has no Beard of Agriculture to watch over whatever relates to agriculture, the want of fuch a public inftitution is amply supplied by the patriotic zeal of many public foirited indi. viduris and private agricultural focieties. The tranfactions of these focieties in Mecklenburg, Bohemia, Livonia, &c. continued to be published.

Of the writers giving accounts of newinvented implements of husbandry, &c. we fall only notice Mr. METZER'S "Defcription of his new Threshing Machine and Saw Mill," which have been very highly fpoken of by thofe efteemed the belt judges of fuch productions of mechanical gerius.

With refpect the cultivation of fingle articles produced in gardens or in the open field, the culture of tobacco was again taught by CHRIST and TRUNK; that of hops, by BREITENBACH, FRITSCHE &c.; and that of fruit-trees, by DIETRICH, SICKLER, &c. Inftructions for cultivating the vine with ad. vantage in the northern provinces or Germany, in Pruffia, &c. were given by MATTUSCHKA-CHRIST, DALLINGER, and others, continued to recommend the ufe of the Cyperus efculentus L. inftead of coffee, and gave rules for the best mode of cultivating it; and to the many publications on the extracting of fugar from the beet root was added a "Book of InAtructions" relative to that fubject, by M. ACHARD, of the Berlin Academy of Sciences. It does not, however, appear, that, notwithstanding all thefe patriotic endeavours, the Indian fugar and coffee will ever be wholly fupplanted by these fubftitutes.

The increafing dearth of wood for fuel and other purpofes, naturally continued to give birth to great numbers of publications on the means of remedying this evil. MEISNER, in his "Ganze der Hizsparkunft," fhews the most advantageous manner of forming new plantations, and how to fave fuel both in brew. houses, manufactories, and the stoves for warming apartments. Besides this, we fhail take notice of only a few other publications on foreftry, by authors of eftablished reputation. GATTERER continued his Forfimagazin,"-Magazine for Foresters; and LAWLOP, befides his "Inftructive Letters of a Forefter travelling in Germany," proceeds to edit, in conjunction with HARTMANN," Die Zeit

fchrift für Forftw."- or, Journal for Fo refters.-DÆZEL, SPRÆTH, and WALTHER, published continuations of their

Couries of Forestry;" and LAUROP furnished a new one.-REITER, Member of the Su erintending Board of Forefts in Wirtemberg, gave, in conjunction with ABEL, engraver to the Duke, no lefs beautiful than faithful plates and descriptions of fuch foreft-trees as are seldom found growing wild in the woods of Germany, and of fome that have already been naturalized. This work is intended as a continuation of the delineations of a hundred indigenal German forest-trees.

The proper management of forest-trees, and the knowledge necessary for the sportsman and the gamekeeper are taught together in KOPLER'S " Nöthigte Vorkenntniffe der Forst und Jagdwissenschaft;" and in GATTERER and LEONARDI'S "Magazines for Foreftry and Hunting." JOKISCH wrote a large work on fisheries and fifh-ponds, including the natural hiftory of fishes.

Of the useful domeftic animals, the horfe again particularly became an object of authorial industry. Befides the fixth year of TENNEKER'S Pocket Book for Horfemen and his Journal for Horfebreeders, there came out a "Zeitschrift fur Denkende Reiter"-a Journal for con fiderate Horsemen. HOFFMAN taught the "Art of prolonging the Period of the Life and Serviceablenefs of the Horfe," Boos and LEONHARDF wrote on the breeding of fheep, PRESCHER ON rabbit-warrens; and fome anonymous authors on the rearing of fowls and fingingbirds: nay, books of inftruction even on the breeding of cats and dogs were published.

Several works likewife made their ap pearance on the veterinary art, on the management of bees, and on cookery, and other parts of domestic economy.

TECHNOLOGY AND COMMERCE.

To the many journals in which thefe two departments of useful knowledge are conjointly treated of, was now added the "Gewerbs und Handlungs Zeitung," published at Breslau; and to the techno. logical journals, HOFFMAN'S " Allgemeine Annalen der Gewerbkunde"-Ge neral Annals of Technology; JUCH's "Allgemeines Journal der Technologie," and a "Sammlung gemeinnütziger Mafchinen, &c."-or, Collection of generally ufeful and easily executed Machines for Economifs, Architects, &c. ; WEISSE publishes a general" Oekonomische Technologie"-Economical Technology, which

is

is judiciously compiled from the beft authorities.

Baron VON MOLL continues his valuable" Annalen der Berg- und Hüttenkunde"-Annals of Mines and MetalJurgy. TIEMANN gave, as an appendix to his Syftematische Eifenha tenkunde-SyRematic Instructions for the Working of Iron Mines, a "Differta tion on the proper Mode of forming Moulds and cafting the Metal;" and STUNKEL," Eine Befereibung der Eifenbergwerk, &c. auf dem Harze”- -a Description of the Iron Mines and Founderies of the Harz: these two latter works may be recommended as abounding with ufeful information. The fame may be fad of SCHMIEDER'S "Verfuch einer Lithurgik, oder ökonomische Mineralogie-or, Economical Mineralogy.

Befides thefe more or leis general or mixed works, there appeared a great number of publications on particular fubjects. BAUMGARTNER, an active bookfeller of Leipzig, who gives employment to a great number of authors and artists, and is himelf an author, furnished, befides continuations of the Magazin aller neuen Erfindungen"-Magazine of all new Inventions, and of the " Magazin zur Beför delung der Industrie"-Magazine for the Furthering of Industry; a Defcription, by himself, of his new invented Windmill, and "Directions how to read, or execute the finest Works, without Injury to the Eyes He likewife published works on the trades of baking, joinery, and feveral economical and technical machines.

PALMER, of Leipzig, prefented to the public a whole collection of his inventions, fuch as fire-places for the faving of fuel; means to prevent conflagrations, and to render it impoffible to forge paper money. Many of his inventions, however, are too infignificant to merit notice. HEYNE and STEINER propofed plans for building fire-proof houfes. Bus, MULLER, &c. recommended contrivances for faving fuel. ROSENTHAL fhewed how to make ftarch during the time that linen is washing; and feveral others taught the art of diftilling, brewing, vinegar-making, &c. with, as they affert, many new improvements. And how much would the lift of thefe new inventions and improvements be fwelled, if the cuftom of taking out patents for them prevailed as much in Germany, as in France and England!

Of the works on fubjects relating to commerce, the "Comptoir Lexicon ;"or, Counting-houfe Dictionary, in nine

languages, by Mr. NEMNICH, already advantageously known by fimilar lexicons for natural hiftory, &c. deferves to be particularly pointed out to the notice of our readers, on account of its great ufefulness not only to merchants, but like. wife to men of other profeffions, unconnected with trade. SCHEDAL, who continued his literary labours with unabated activity till the time of his death, likewife deftined his "Geograph. Lexicon" for the ufe both of merchants and others.-SCHULZ, director of a commercial school in Berlin, published the first volume of his "Commercial Academist.” WAGNER, of Magdeburg, an author who for feveral years patt has diligently cul tivated this department of knowledge, recommended to the notice of his countrymen, the English, or Mr. JONES'S, Sytem of Book-keeping; which had likewife been treated of before by leveral other writers :-WAGNER likewife gave models of mercantile letters, and intructions for accurately calculating the value of money and the courte of exchange.-Of ZIMMERT's Pocket-bo k for Merchants, there appeared at Vienna the third year; and a new one at Erfurt.

MATHEMATICS AND MILITARY SCIENCE.

Befides Ready Reckoners for merchants and other men of bufinefs, there regularly appears every year a great number of books of arithmetic, fome of which are diftinguifhed by giving inftructions for executing calculations without notation. In very few of thefe elementary is arithmetic treated of in fo luminous and comprehenfive a manner, as in SNELL's Syftems of Arithmetic and Algebra, and in the Treaties on pure Mathematics in gencral, by HAUFF, IDE, and LORENZ.

Of the works on particular branches of Mathematics, the most worthy of nctice was the collection of papers, publifhed by Profeffor HINDENBURG, of Leipzig, relative to the Combinatory Analysis and Calculus of Derivation, invented by him. In this collection, the Profeffor and others, have further purfued and illutrated their method." Profeffor HELWIG, of Brunswick, endeavoured in a very happy manner to facilitate the study of diophantic analyfis, by his "Anfangsgründe der unbeftimanten Analytik;" or, First Principles of Indefinite Analyfis.

Mixed mathematics were again illuf trated by feveral publications. VON RHODE, a captain in the Pruffian army, 4 U 2 furnished

furnished a Treatife on "LAPLACE's branches of mixed mathematics; so on

new Mode of correcting the Heights of Mountains, calculated from Barometrical Obfervations."

Several mechanicians, fuch as BREITHAUPT, ERNST, STÖCKEL, and others, communicated new inventions. POPPE, whom we have mentioned in a former Retrofpect, began an Encyclopedia of Mechanics, which is however yet de fective. Two Differtations, which were publifhed together in one volume, "Ueber Parabolischen Reflectoren und deren Anwendung zu Nacht-ignalen an den See-küften-On Parabolic Reflectors, and the Ufe thereof for Signals by Night on the Sea Coaft, by D. REINKE; and R. WOLTMANN'S " Abhandl. über das Verhältnefs zwifchen dem reflectirten u. fimpeln Iichte"-Differtation on reflected and fimple Light-are fufficiently recommended by the names of their authors, who are well known as having deferved well of hydrotechny, which, fince the appearance of the great work of WIE BEKING, who is now engaged by the court of Vienna to fuperintend the execution of fome important undertakings, has of late more than ever attracted the attention of the public; and which is Jikewife ably treated of by GILLY and EXTELWEIN, two eminent Pruffian architects; who, together with other members of the Royal Board of Architecture at Berlin, are contributors to the Sammlung nützlicher Aufsätze und Nachrichten die Baukunft betreffend"Collection of useful Tracts and Intelligence relative to the Science of Architecture, of which the fifth annual volume has already been published.

Provifion continued to be made for the cultivators of aftronomy in the "Jahr bücher;"or, Aftronomical Annals of Vienna, Berlin, &c. and in M. VON ZACH'S "Monathliche Corref, ondenz," which contains the earlieft intelligence relative to all aftronomical discoveries, &c. BODE, the celebrated aftronomer of Berlin, gave a new, improved, and enlarged edition of his " Anleitung zur Kenntnifs der Erdkugel Introduction to the Knowledge of the Terreftrial Globe; and BURJA the fourth volume of his ufeful "Course of Aftronomy."

The "Mathematical Dictionary," by Profeffor KLUGEL, of Halle, the first part of which was announced at the Eafter Fair, will comprehend every branch of pure and mixed mathematics.

As on the one hand feveral military men, juit mentioned above, wrote on various

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the other, mathematicians, who do not be long to the military profeffion, contribute to the improvement on the art of war; as, for instance, the above-mentioned Profeffor HELWIG, of Brunswick, by his inftructive "Kriegfpiel"-Game of War. Several officers employed the leisure they enjoyed during peace, in publishing works relative to tactics and military operations. Captain HOYER, of Porna, in Saxony, author of a "Hiftory of the Art of War," continned, befides his "Military Calendar," containing fome theoretical and hiftorical difcuffions, his Military Magazine;" VON PORBECK, of Caffel, his "New Bellona;" Count DE ROCHEAYMON, his "Introduction à l'Etude de l'Art de la Guerre ;" and ST. PAUL his "New Military Manual," which is, however, rather too prolix. VON BOMMEL and others wrote on cavalry, and the va rious kinds thereof; as likewife on horfeartillery. Major Von Gross, formerly in the English fervice, who now continues the inftitute for the education of gentlemen of fortune, founded by Mounier, at Weimar, published a work "On the Duty of Officers in the Field."

POLITICS.

From the publications on military affairs, we fhali proceed to thofe which the peace of Luneville gave rife to; only remarking, however, in general, that their number was very great, and must continually increafe, as the influence of that peace not only produced a new organization of the Germanic Empire in general, but likewife important changes in the ftates either augmented or transferred in confequence of the system of indemnifica-` tion; and it is even thought that a Concordat, fimilar to that lately concluded betwixt Bonaparte and the Pope, will there likewife take place. For collecting the documents relative to these changes, a new journal was begun on purpose, entitled, the "Der Deutiche Zuschauer;" and feveral other journals, as for inftance the "Staatsarchiv," published by Profeffor HEBERLIN, of Helmftädt, who there fpeaks his fentiments with unreferved frankuefs, furnished similar contri- ` butions towards the hiftory of our times. These materials were by SÖRGEL worked up into a "Geschichte des verunglückten Syftems der Gleighgewicht"or, Hiftory of the Deftru&tion of Balance of Power.

Other collections were of a lefs temporary

kind ; as for inftance, the " Vorfchläge und Verfuche zur Beförderung des Menichenwohls und Volkscultur"-Plans,

&C

nue to be objects of attention at several of the univerfi-ies, as appears from the Lecture books f Profeffors BEHR of Wirzbug, and CROMES of Gieffen.

The influence of the peace of Luneville and of Amiens was likewife very visible in

GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS.

The German geographers and ftaticians had long anxiously waited for the restoration of peace, to publish new editions of their former works, or entirely new ones, containing the alterations produced by the conquefts of France and England, and by the fyftem of indemnification in Germany. Accordingly there appeared such improved editions of the Geographies of FABRI and of GASPARI, which have long enjoyed an established reputation; and two new 66 Geographical Dictionaries," by EHRMANN and WINKOP. Profeffo MULLER, of Rinteln, began a new "Manual of Statistics," which will extend to feveral volumes. There likewife appeared a great number of topographical defcriptions, in a variety of forms, of the feparate provinces and principalities into which Germany is divided fuch as the "Travels through the Austrian Dominions,' by FISCHER, SCHULTES, UNGER, &c. and feveral works on the provinces fubject to Pruffia, of which that by KRUG, of Berlin, is particularly deferving of notice.

&c. for promoting the Happiness of Mankind, and diffufing Knowledge among the lower Claffes of the People, edited by VoN CÖLN, Superintendant of the Church of Detmold. Among the papers in this collection, thofe contributed by the editor and the princefs his mistrefs, are particularly worthy of notice on account of their fuperior merit: from the pen of the larter we find an animated exhortation to the people against the deftructive Habit of Diamdrinking; on the Duty incumbent upon Sovereigns to maintain Public Worship and the Schools; and on the State of the Poor at Detmold. The editor and the other contributors are infpired with the fame fpirit of philanthropy. In other publications, likewife, on the Condition of Inftitutions for the Relief of the Poor, and on Education, the attention of statefmen is, in the most preffing manner, directed to the confideration of thefe most important fubjects; as, for inftance, by SCHRAM, in his work, "über die Verbesserung der Schulen," &c-On the Reformation and Improvement of public Schools, in a moral, pedagogical, and political Point of View; on Advantages arifing from enlightening the Minds of the People, and on mutual Toleration among the various Sects of Chriftians. From this publication we were glad to learn that the Proteftants have lately experienced the moft liberal treatment from the government of Bavaria, where they had formerly been very much oppreffed.-The fwarm of writers which the Letters of Jewish Heads of Families to Mr. Teller, an eminent di. vine of Berlin had excited, feemed to have quite spent their rage, when a fresh ftorm was raised by a publication of PAAL zow, a lawyer of Berlin. This gave occafion to GRATTENAUER to write a bit-made during this journey in a periodical ter invective against that class of men; which was followed by a great number of pamphlets for and against them. This literary warfare, however, was not productive of any alteration of their fituation in civil fociety. More beneficial effect may, perhaps, be expected from the efforts of those writers who recommend the giving freedom to the pealants who are ferfs, or annexed to the foil; as, for instance, ARNDT of Greifswald, in his Address on this fubject to the Landholders of Swedish Pomerania. Several others pointed out the caufes of the decay of fmall towns.

Of the works on Finance the moft remarkable were fome late publications in Denmark and Bavaria, relative to the introduction of a land-tax. Finances and the science of governn.ent likewife conti

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Of the accounts of travels into foreign countries, the most abundant were the tours in and through Italy. BENKOWITZ, an author who had before diftin guished him elf in the department of Belles Lettres, wrote an account of a "Journey from Glogau to Sorrento," and likewife difhed up the obfervations he had

work, entitled "Helios der Titan, oder Rom und Neapel," publications in which there occur too many infignificant things, and trite tedious remarks.-An anonymous author prefented to the public a "Reife über St. Gotthard nach den Borromæischen Infeln und Meyland.”—Journey over Mount St. Gothard to the Borromeo Islands and Milan. The writer belongs to the fentimental humorous clafs of travellers; and of courfe much geographical and statistical information cannot be expected from him. SEUME'S "Spaziergang nach Syracus,"-Walk to Syracufe, is throughout a very picturefque and humourous narrative of the author's pedestrian tour, by way of Prague, Vienna, Trieste, Rome, &c. REHFUSS and TSCHARNER,twoGerman literati,on their

travels

travels through Italy, furnished from that country the materials for a periodical work, entitled "Italien," -- Italy, in which interesting contributions towards a knowledge of the country and the minners of its inhabitants are prefented to the reader, agreeably intermixed with remarks on literature and the fine arts.FISCHER, author of a no le's pleating than inftructive Tour through Spain, added, as a com panion to his "Picture of Madrid," another of "Valencia," in which he follows Cavanille in what relates to natural history, but the rest is entirely the producttion of his own inimitable pencil; and with fuch glowing colours has he painted that delightful place, that we could not help withing that we might there find a tranquil retreat in the evening of life.-HELLDORF published a "Picture of Amfterdam;" an anonymous author, an "Ein Gemälde der Sitten, &c. der Portugueken und Spanier," P&ture of the Manners and Customs of the Portuguefe and Spaniards," and likewife of the French Nation."Profeffor LINK, of Reftock, in a third volume of his "Reife durch Frankreich," &c. Travels through France, Spain, and particularly Portugal adds confiderably to our knowledge of the laft mentioned of there countries, which the Profeffor has exhibited in a lefs gloomy point of view than form r ravellers.-Madame DOMEIS publifhed the fecond volume of "Letters written during her ftay in England and Portugal," which are diftinguished equally by a partial fondness for the former and diflike of the latter country. CAMPE, author of many efteemed works for the inftruction of youth, gave an account of a "Reife durch Frankreich und England,”-Tour through France and England-from which he appears to have changed his former predilection of France for an equally enthufiaftic admiration of Britain. WICHELHAUSEN, a phyfician who formerly refided a confiderable time at Moscow, gave us "Züge zu einem Gemälde von Mofkwa,"--Outlines towards a Picture of Moskow, containing likewife much in formation relative to the Ruffian Empire in general. M LLER, another phyfician, in his "Reife von Velthnyia nach Cherfon,” communicated an account of a journey he had performed in 1787 from Volhynia to Cherfon: in which, trom among but too great abundance of unimportant obfervations, the reader may pick out fome interefting information relative to geography and natural history.

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The Briefe eines reifenden Spaniers

über fein Vaterland und Preuffen,”—Let, ters of a Spanish Traveller on his native Country and on Pruffia, are not the production of a foreigner, but written by a patriotic Pruffian, who has lav:fhed encomiums on his country with too indifcri nating a hand, praising even fuch measures as cannot be junified but by unavoidable neceffity. From the numerous invectives against the Jews, and other circumstances, it is fuppofed thefe letters came from the pen of Profeffor BUCHHOLZ, of Berlin. As ufual, an indefatigable band of tranflators in reduced to the German public almoft every account of Travels that had lately appeared in France, England, and other foreign countries.

The excellent Journals edited by BERTUCH and VON ZACH, likewife continued to diffufe a knowledge of all the neweit information relative to modern geography; to which we confine ourselves in the present fection of our Retrospect, referving for the next fome notices of con tributions towards the elucidation of An. cient Geography,

HISTORY.

Among the vast number of periodical works for almost every department of art and fcience, and even for fubdivifions thereof, (as for inftance the History of our own Times) we were furprised not to find any appropriated folely to the cultivation of general hiftory; for WOLTMANN'S historical journal, entled "Gefchichte und Politik," and ARCHEN HOLZ'S “Mi nerva, ein Journal hiftorischen und poli tifchen Inhalts," comprehend, as indeed is indicated by their titles, politics as well as general history.

The editor of the laft-mentioned journal, the well known author of a very flattering Picture of England, published at the Eafter Fair the fecond volume of his "Hiftorifche Schriften,"-Hiftorical Tracts, which contains a well written account of the Buccaneers of America,

The first volume of "Kleine Hiftorifche Schriften," by Profeffor HEEREN, of Göttingen, who has long been advantageously known to the literary world as a distinguish philologift and hiftorian, contains a development of the political influence of the Reformation upon Eu rope, exhibiting the effects of that great event in many new points of view; an Historical View of the Revolution of the Gracchi, which had been publifhed before, but appears here in a much improved ftate; and the first part of an Ef fay of a Development of the Origin and Growth of the Continental Intereft of

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