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the productions of the foutherly climates, fuch as cotton, filk, goid, filver, horfes, camels, honey, ichthyocolla, or ifinglafs, caftor, rhubarb, wool, goats horns, feal. fkins, peltry, faltpetre, linfeed, and linfeed-oil, pitch, tallow, &c.

The balance of trade, however, always inclines in favour of Ruffia. However dear the natives may acquire their mercantile commodities, they have nothing to lofe, because they do not purchase-they only exchange. In the year 1789, there was fhipped from the port of Archangel, for Amfterdam, 51,783 tons of linfeed; for Hamburgh, 10,987 tons of rye, and 17,400 tons of wheat; for Lisbon, 58,812 tons of wheat, and 1803 tons of rye; for Barcelona, 24,110 tons of rye; and for Marfeilles, 1673 tons of rye. The tribe, or nation, of Kirguis alone purchase, every year, five thousand sheep, the tallow of which they vend abroad.

In 1775, Ruffia gained, by a commercial exportation of thirty-two millions, the fum of nine millions of roubles; and in 1780, a larger fum, with a commercial ftock of thirty-fix millions. The expor tation, from 1780 to 1790, amounted, for Petersburgh alone, to more than thir teen millions of roubles, and the importation to hardly twelve millions. The reader may form an idea of the augmentation of this commerce, by the following progreffive lift:

In 1780, the entries amounted to 8,600,000 roubles; and the exportation to 10,900,000. In 1785, the entries to 10,000,000 roubles; and the exportation to 13,400,000. In 1790, the entries to 15,600,000; and the exportation to 19,000,000. And in 1795, to 18,500,000, and the exportation to 21,300,000.

Ruffia has three grand refources, whereby the may continually carry on an advantageous commerce with foreigners. 1. The augmentation of her produce. 2. The working up of raw materials, hitherto abandoned to the industry of foreigners and 3. The means of producing within herself fuch articles as the now receives from abroad. These three points require fome further illustration.

Among the mercantile commodities, the confumption of which has been augmented in the interior, by luxury, to the detriment of exportation, may be reckoned a number of articles, fuch as oxen, leather, tallow, ifinglafs, peltry, tim ber, hemp, &c. If the quantity of thefe commodities were augmented, the ba lance of foreign commerce would be ef fectually infured 3 in fact, leather, oxen,

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and hides, form a principal article in th commerce of Ruffia. In 1790, beef w fold to the amount of 81,000 rouble and was only purchased to the amount 25,000; leather was fold to the amour of 2,500,000 roubles, and tallow to th amount of 1,103,009 roubles. T fouthern diftricts of the Ruffian Empir Aftracan, Orenburg, the Government of Afoph, Permi, and Twer, raise a pr digious number of cattle, the keeping which is not fo burdenfome as agricultur because nature defrays the whole charg

A good management of the fifher would afford very confiderable profits o ifinglafs and caviar ; thefe fpecies of ftu geon are very common in the Wolga.The fale of caviar may produce abo 50,000 roubles; and that of ifingla more than 80,000 ditto. The mouths the rivers Oby and Jenifei abound lik wife in this fort of fish. The exportatio of fifh-oil, which amounts to abou 100,000 rubles annually, is, in like ma ner, fufceptible of a confiderable augmen tation. There is a whale-fifhery at th entrance of the Gulph de Kola.

Ruffia fells fkins to the value of mo than eight hundred thousand roubles, an buys only to the amount of fifty thou fand. The discovery of the Kurile Ifle the Aleutic, and thofe called the Fo Iflands, is of incalculable importance f commerce, in refpect of their valuab peltry; thefe iflands fwarm with foxe zibelines, or fables, hares, &c. In 178 a fociety of Ruffian merchants broug from thence to Kamfchatka 581 otter 2747 blue and black foxes, and 643 common foxes. In there we fhipped from the port of Petersburg alone 572,843 hare-fkins, 42,371 piec of petit-gris, 1873 bear-fkins, 2740 € mines, 6238. foxes-fkins, 272 wolves fkins, and 393 wild-cats-fkins; to whic may be added, the beautiful fheep-fki of the Kirguis and of the Kalmucks.

1791,

The productions of the forefts are n lefs confiderable. Riga furnishes annu ally 250,000 mats, and the exportation this article alone amounts for all Ruffia 300,000 mats. It is difficult to conceiv where they get bark enough to fabrica them. In timber for building, they ex port to about 1,500,0000 roubles; pitch and refin, about 106,900 roubles in potash, 78,000 roubles. The foref about Okka, Mokscha, and Kama, f mous for their lime-trees, furnish fi wax, excellent honey, and much bark.Of raw hemp, there is annually exporte to the amount of more than 30,000,00

roubles

roubles; in cordage, about 100,000; in fail-cloth, about 365,000; in linfeed oil, 170,000; and in oil, about 320,000 rou

bles.

The fecond refource that Ruffia enjoys for the carrying on of a confiderable commerce, is the manufacture of its raw productions, as wax, tallow, potash, hair, rye, flax, iron, copper, &c.

The annual exportation of yellow wax is about 112,000 roubles; and in candles, about 8,000 roubles. It would be highly advantageous to establish waxbleacheries, in order to be able to export white wax. In 1792, the exportation of tallow amounted to 968,000 roubles; in candles, to 95,000; in hogs-briftles, to 89,000; and in hares fkins, to 72,000.The art of manufacturing hats is not, as yet, generally known; it is only fome German colonies eftablished at Sararaw, at St. Petersburg, and at Jekatarmoflaw, that practise it. Ruffia exports in wheat about 1,000,000 of roubles, and in rye about 60,000, including both the conveyance of the Black Sea and the Baltic.

Hemp and flax are here of a very fuperior quality, and efpecially that which is brought to Riga and to Denja. The exportation of linfeed-oil is about 300,000 roubles; of linfeed, about 105,000; of hemp, 2,000,000; of flax, more than 3,000,000 ; of fail-cloth and cordage, 1,500,000. Were the manufactori of thefe two laft articles multiplied, the profits would be ftill more confiderable. Iron might also be rendered more productive for fale than it is; it is exported to the amount of about 1,897,000 roubles; and in hardware, about 25,000: they import for about 15,000. In copper and lead they export for about 71,000 roubles, of which 45,000 is manufactured.

It cannot be denied that Ruffia might manufacture within herfelf a great number of articles that have been hitherto bought of foreigners. Her commercial exports would not be thereby diminished, as the exports only objects of prime ne ceffity, and fuch as are not easily to be found elsewhere. From the negligence that generally prevails in Ruffia, with regard to the keeping of fheep, there is an annual import to the value of 300,000 roubles, both for wool and for ftuffs. The Kirguis, in the government of Orenburg, have a fort of fheep, with thick tails, whofe wool is foft and long; fome individuals have not lefe than two thoufand in their poffeffion; of thefe they fell to the European Ruffians to the value of MONTHLY MAG. No. 111.

about 25,000 roubles. An article equally effential is the hair of the Angora goat; they purchase of it to the amount of about 77,000 roubles, both raw and manufactured.

At Moscow and Petersburgh there are a number of filk manufactories, but not fufficient for the accommodation of the country. They import not only to the amount of more than 1,500,000 roubles of filk-goods, but likewife about 400,000 roubles for raw filk. There is no want of mulberry-trees, however, which grow in great numbers on the banks of the Wolga, the Sarpa, the Don, and in the Ukraine, &c. It is only at Aftracan, at Czarizin, at Kiow, and at Moskwa on the Tereck, that filkworms are under proper management. Cochineal is found in Ruffia; it is imported, nevertheless, to the amount of 150,000 roubles, and exported to the Perfians and Bucharians to the value of 130,000. In the country of Belgorod, and in the Woronetz, there is an infect very much like the Indian cochineal, called milka or tcherwetz, and which attaches itself to the roots of wild ftrawberries, of rye, of the cinque-foil; this infect yields the fame colour, but with lefs luftre. Gall nuts, of which to the value of about 5000 roubles is annually imported, are found in great abun dance on the oak-leaves in the forests.Ruffia purchases to the value of about 1500 roubles of writing-pens, although there is no want of geefe in the country.

The skin of the buffalo, as is well known, affords the beft leather for fhoefoles. It is an important article for the commerce of Smyrna. Aftracan, Orenburg, Cafan, the governments of Azow, of Woronefch, and of Charkow, abound in buffaloes and cows; there the climate and the pafturage are alike excellent.-—-The bark of oak, fo ufeful in tanning, is found in fufficient quantities; and were it carried in the English manner, might fave to Ruffia 5 or 6000 roubles, which are annually paid for the importation of leather. The butter and cheefe of the buffalo are excellent, and by augmenting thefe productions, they might keep at home to the value of 40,000 roubles, which are now expended for thefe articles in foreign countries. The Ruffian horfes are firm and compact in their make; they have a large cheft, and a very long and meagre neck; they run quick, and last a long time; but they are feldom either large-fized or handfome: they are all very headftrong. The beft are in the Ukraine,

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and

and thefe form the bulk of the Pruffian cavalry. There are many wild hores in the government of Orenburg. Thofe of the Ifle of Oefel are very fmall, but will long remain ferviceable. There are fome hortes in the fouth weft provinces of the empire; they coft from 50 to 70 roubles, will carry from eight to ten quintals, and will travel nearly twenty leagues a-day. The commerce of herrings is pretty confiderable; they import to the value of 125,000 roubles from Holland, Sweden, and Denmark; they export to the value of 10,000 roubles. They export, like wife, falmon, eels, lampreys, and, above all, fturgeon, after the rate of 15,000 roubles. In 1791, there was exported of ifinglafs to the amount of 139,846 pounds weight. There are large quantities of herrings in the White Sea, and other fish of nearly the fame defcription in the Black Sea, and in that of Azow, in the Wolga, the Okka, and the Don; they fport there in large fhoals, and fome are even found in the Dnieper.

Vegetables for dyeing are very abundant in Ruffia; they import, however, to the amount of about 140,000 roubles, for madder, Brafil-wood, faffron, indigo, &c. The plant rubia tin&torum of Linnæus grows in abundance in the parts about Aftracan, on the banks of the Tereck, of the Kuma, and of the Kura. There are in the country of Aftiacan, as like wife in thofe of Orenburg, Kafan, Woronefch, and Azow, wild plants, which might very well be used as fubftitutes for madder, and especially the cruciata paluftris maxima. The Origanum, or wildmarjoram, yields a very fine crimfon.The faffron-plant, which is used to the value of more than 6000 roubles, grows Ipontaneously near Modofk, on the Caucafus, and on the Tereck. Indigo is imported to the value of 50,000 roubles, and is exported into Afia to the value of 60,000 roubles. The broom, or furze, Ladonis vernalis,) which is found beTween the Wolga, the Dnieper, and the Nerprum, gives to filk a colour equally beautiful and durable; the young leaves of the bouban, with alum, are made ufe of to dye woollen-ftuff's yellow. Thefe plants and fhrubs cannot become articles of commerce, but the ufing them may prevent the importation of thefe fame lours from abroad.

Fine linen-yarn, the flax of which is bought in Ruflia, and which is frequently bleached with afhes brought from the fame country, finds its way back again

at the rate of about 80 or 90,000 rouble as well in cambrick as in lawn. Ve good and very fine linen-cloth is ma here, but it yields in whiteness to that Silefia. On the ifle of Oefel is a man facture of cambrick, which has rifen fome celebrity. As there is plenty good and very fine rags, paper ought be very fine here, and in great abundance they import, however, to the amount 33,000 roubles. The paper-mills of I vonia, and of the Moskaw, work it pret fine, but in very fmall quantities, no withstanding the cold weather, which very favourable to the process. The p per of Repin is tolerably good for co mon ufe, but it is dear. Pretty lar quantities are made, and very cheap, common paper, fuch as blotting-pape packing-paper, and pateboard. Colour and marbled papers, which formerly car from abroad, have been manufactur here for fome years past.

In raw cotton they import to the val of 30,000 roubles; in cotton fpun, abc 10,000 ditto; and in cotton-stuffs, mo than 1,000,000 of roubles. Ruffia however, fupplied with the neceffa means of diminishing this expence. T cotton-tree grows very well in Aftrac and in Orenburg. It is even cultiva at Killar, and the Tartar-women of two former countries know how to fpir very well. It would only require to au ment the culture of it, to be fufficient fupply the wants of home confumption. The root of fwallow-wort, the linagoft and the bundfkol, which are found in aby dance about Aftracan, in the Ukrai the province of Ufa, and on the Don, very valuable. The linagoftris gro abundantly in Livonia, in Ingermanla the districts of Zoer, Novogorod, Ar angel, and Siberia. In the month of A gult they might reap an enormous har of it. The down of these plants, mix with a quarterly proportion of cotton, well calculated to make excellent ftu bonnets, and flockings.

The manna which is gathered in fu mer on the ftalks of herbs, and of wh a fort of gruel is made, is the particu produce of Livonia. The manna-pl grows in marthy places, and it is found the diftricts of Pletkow, Polozki, W wai, Twer, and Smolenski. Abunda of this feed is gathered in Silefia, Pola and Pruffia; it is fmaller than pop feed. Buck-wheat is cultivated in id cftates of the nobleffe, but in too fn quantities to admit of being exported.

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following expreffion in one of thefe let
ters (of which there is, in the Addi.
foniana, a copy from a fac-fimile en-
graving), fhews that Mr. Addifon became
first acquainted with Mr. Montagu on the
Continent. "I fhall only affure you,
(fays he) that I think Mr. Montagu's
acquaintance the luckiest adventure that
I could poffibly have met with in my tra-
vels."-Another of the letters in the fame
volume is addreffed by Mr. Addison to
Mr. Montagu, from the Three Kings
Inn at Chateau d'un, on the 23d of July;
and it must have been in the year 1699,
as Addifon had not at the date of the
letter yet departed for Italy. Mr. Addi-
fon there mentions that he expected Mr.
Montagu to join him at Chateau d'un,
"about a week hence," but begs him
"not to haften against his own inclina-
tions."-From the beginning of Au-
gult, 1699, till that of December in
the fame year, Mr. Addifon and Mr.
Montagu probably paffed their time to-
gether; for, in the letter which I first
quoted, and which is dated from Geneva
on the 10th of December, 1701, Ad-
difon mentions, that Mr. Montagu and
he had about two years ago" been ex-
pofed together to a tempeft in the port of
Genoa. It is to be inferred that they
failed in the fame veffel from Marfeilles
for Genoa, in the beginning of December,
1699. But, if they joined company in
France in the beginning of Auguft, and
left it together in December, nothing can
be more likely than that they fhould have
paffed alfo the intermediate time together.
Mr. Montagu appears to have returned
from Italy fooner than Mr. Addison, and
not to have taken, in his return, the way
over the Alps; for Mr. Addifon, in his
letter from Geneva, fpeaks of his own
journey over the Alps, as one to the dif-
ficulties of which his friend was a ftranger;
and mentions that he fuppofed Mr. Mon
tagu to be then in England. In a fhort
poftcript he indicates that there was a
confidential kindness between them; fay-
ing, "I have taken care to manage my-
felf according to your kind intimation."
Words which may, very poffibly, have a
regard to pecuniary matters. If it be
confidered that Addifon had obtained his
penfion for travelling by the patronage of
Lord Halifax, and that Wortley Monta-
gu was Lord Halifax's coufin, we fhall
find ourfelves fo much the more inclined
to think it natural for Wortley Montagu
to have travelled in part under Addon's
direction. The difference of their ages

was alfo fuitable to the existence of fuck a relation between them; Addison's being then from feven to nine-and-twenty years; Montagu's, who died in 1761, very old, fearce more than twenty. Addifon ftayed abroad more than a year after the date of his letter from Geneva, in expectation of diplomatic employment. After his return to England, and for the remainder of his life, he lived in an intimate and familiar friendship with Mr. Montagu, fuch as was likely to be the confequence of their having lived together abroad. It appears from another of the fame letters, that Mr. Montagu agreed to pass the winter, 1711-12, in Mr. Addifon's house at Kenfington.

Another part of Mr. Addifon's Life, of which the accounts may be corrected from the Addifoniana, is that of his courtfhip to the Countefs Dowager of Warwick. The ftory, that he had been tutor to her fon, is quite falfe. How he became first acquainted with that lady, does not appear. But here are two letters, written in the month of May, 1708, to the young Earl, then a boy of not more than eight or nine years of age; from which it appears, that the Earl had then a domeftic tutor, and was reading fome of the easier claffics; that Addifon had a house of his own in the country, nearly adjacent to the Countefs's feat; and that Addison, in the country, and perhaps willing thus to ingratiate himfelf with the Countefs, could amufe himself by going out with the little boy in fearch of bird's nefts. Addifon was then under-fecretary of state, so that he could not have leifure to take upon him the office of teaching the young Earl the elements of the Latin language. From about that time, however, he became probably a fuitor to the Countefs. A paffage in a letter to Mr. Montagu, dated on the 21ft of July, 1711, feems to explain the progrefs of the courtship. "I have within this twelvemonth (lays Ad. difon) loft a place of 2000l. a-year, an eftate in the Indies of 14,000l. and, what is more than all the reft, my mistress."From this information it is fair to infer, that the Countels had very probably agreed to give him her hand before the time when, by the dimiffal of the Whig minifters, and its effects on his fituation, he became, in his own, or in the lady's opinion, too poor to marry a Countefs. Another fact, of which we are here informed, is, that he was either abfolutely disappointed of the fortune of his brother, who died in India, or made, at leaft for a

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time,

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