wich is 963954 feet; therefore the diftance between Greenwich and Dunkirk is 830196 feet. The distance between Greenwich and Clifton is 722641 feet; hence, 4411968 feet is the meridional distance between Clifton and Barcelona. The latitude of Barcelona is 41° 21' 48.8, that of Greenwich is 51° 28' 40", and if to the latter we add 1° 58' 51'.59, the arc between Clifton and Greenwich, we fhall get 53° 27′ 31′′.59, for the latitude of Clifton; hence the difference of latitude between Barcelona and Clifton is 12° 5' 42".79, fomething more than the 30th part of the whole circumference of the earth. With this difference of latitude, and the above-mentioned dif tance, we find the mean length of a degree on the earth's furface in latitude 47° 24' to be 60795 fathoms. The lati tude of Paris is 48° 50′ 15′′, which, compared with that of Clifton, gives 4° 37′ 16".59 for the difference between their parallels. The meridional diftance is 1686595 feet; hence 60825 fathoms is the length of the degree in latitude 51° 9'.

By way of appendix to this valuable paper is fubjoined Tables of the bearings of the principal stations in the counties of Effex, Suffolk, Kent, &c. from the parallels to the merician of Greenwich, and their distances from that meridian. Alfo a Table of the latitudes and lungitudes of the preceding ftations and objects referred to the meridian of Green wich. The accuracy of thefe tables may undoubtedly be depended upon, and, as in the latter, the numbers are carried even to decimal parts of feconds, they will be a valuable addition to our topographical knowledge.

In the Philofophical Tranfactions for the year 1801, Mr. Knight has recorded fome experiments on trees, from which he inferred, that their fap, having been abforbed by the bark of the root, is carried up by the alburnum, or white wood, of the root, the trunk, and the branches; that it paffes through what are there called the central veffels, into the fucculent part of the annual fhoot, the leafftalk, and the leaf; and that it returns to the bark, through the returning veffels of the leaf-stalk. In a paper lately communicated by the fame gentleman to this focity, his principal object is to point out the caules of the defcent of the ap through the bark, and the confequent formation of wood. Thefe caufes appear to be gravitation, motion communicated by winds or other agents, capillary attrac tion, and probably something in the con

formation of the veffels themselves, which render them better calculated to carry fluids in one direction than another.

Mr. Knight begins with the leaf, from which, he affumes, all the defcending fluids in the tree are derived. The efforts which plants always make to turn the upper furfaces of their leaves to the light, have induced naturalifts to conclude, that each furface has a totally diftin&t office, Mr. Knight has detailed a number of experiments to fupport that conclufion. From these he infers, that in the vine the perfpiratory veffels are con fined to the under furface of the leaf, and that they, like the cutaneous lymphatics of the animal economy, are probably capable of abforbing moisture when the plant is in a state to require it. The upper furface feems, from the pofition it affumes, either formed to absorb light, or to operate by the influence of that body; and if any thing exhale from it, it is probably vital air, or fome other permanently elastic fluid. It is known, that perpendicular fhoots grow with greater vigour than others, and Mr. Knight imputes it, from fome experiments, to a more perfect and rapid circulation.

To prove the effects of motion on the circulation of the fap, he felected a number of young feedling apple-trees, whofe ftems were about an inch in diameter. By means of ftakes and bandages of hay, not fo tightly bound as to impede the progress of any fluid within the trees, he deprived the roots and lower parts of the items of feveral trees of all motion, to the height of three feet from the ground, leaving the upper parts of the ftems and branches in their natural state. In the fucceeding fummer much new wood accumulated, in the parts which were kept in motion by the wind, but the lower parts of the ftems and roots increased very little in fize. moving the bandages from one of these trees, he fixed a stake in the ground, about ten feet diftant from the tree on the eaft fide of it, and attachel the tree to the take, at the height of Ex feet, leaving it liberty to move towards the north and fouth, but in no other direc tion. Thus circumftanced, the diameter of the tree from north to south, in that part of its ftem which was most exercised by the wind, exceeded that in the oppofite direction, in the following autumn, in the proportion of 13 to 11.

Re

Hence we fee the means which nature

employs to adapt the forms of its vegetable productions to every fituation in

which art or accident may depofit them. If a tree be placed in a high and expofed fituation, the new matter which it generates will be dépofited chiefly in the roots and lower parts of the trunk, and its growth will be low and fturdy, and well calculated to refift the heavy gales to which its fituation conftantly expoles it.

When a tree is wholly deprived of motion, by being trained to a wall, or when a large tree has been deprived of its branches; it often becomes unhealthy, and not unfrequently perifhes, owing to the ftagnation of the defcending fap under the rigid cincture of the lifeless external bark. In proof of this he pared away this bark from fome very old pear and apple trees, and more wood was generated in the old trunks, within two years after this operation, than in the preceding twenty years; which he attributes to the facility of communication which has been restored between the leaves and the roots, through the inner bark for he has frequently observed that, wherever the bark has been moft reduced, the greateft quantity of wood has been deposited.

Although Mr. Knight fuppofes that capillary attraction and a certain conformation of the veffels of the bark are causes of the descent of the fap towards the root, yet he confiders gravitation as the most extensive and active cause of motion, in the defcending fluids of trees: and he fees a reason why it fhould neceffarily be fo; for if the fap paffed and returned as freely in the horizontal and pendent branches, as in the perpendicular branch, the growth of each would be equally rapid, the former would foon extend too far from its point of fufpention at the trunk of the tree, and thence muft inevitably perish, by the compound

rat'o in which the powers of deftruction, compared with thofe of prefervation, would increase.

The principal office of the horizontal branches, according to Mr. Knight, in the greatest number of trees, is to nourish and fupport the bloffoms, and the fruit or feed; and, as thefe give back little or nothing to the parent-tree, very feeble powers alone are wanted in the returning fyftem. No power at all would have been fatal; and powers fufficiently trong wholly to counteract the effects of gravitation, would probably have been, in a high degree, deftructive; and it is Mr. Kn ght's opinion, that the formation of bloffoms may, in many instances, arife from the diminished action of the returning fyftem in the horizontal or pendent branch.

This paper contains many other curious and interefting facts on grafting, budding,. &c. and we are told that an examination of the manner in which wounds in trees become covered (for they can never be said to heal) affords further proof that the medullary proceffes, as they are improperly called, like every other part of the wood, are generated by the bark; for whenever the furface of the alburnum is expofed but a few hours to the air, though no portion of it be deftroyed, vegetation on that furface ceafes for ever. New bark is gradually protruded from the fides of the wound, and thus new wood is generated. In this wood, the medullary proceffes are diftinctly feen to take their origin from the bark, and to terminate on the lifeless furface of the old wood within the wound. The concluding part of the paper relates to the formation of buds in tuberous plants, as potatoes, &c. beneath the ground.

tenor cliff instead of the bass ; as in "Come, come, thou Goddess" "Hide me from Day's garish Eye" &c. &c. He has employed the treble and bafs cliffs only; but at the fame time has taken care to infert the viola part (when below) in its true place. This is an arrangement never before adopted, and will be found generally ufeful. The accompaniments are ably deduced, and the baffes are correctly figured. The fecond volume is fpeedily to appear; and if it poffeffes the various merits of the first, it will compleat a highly defirable and very useful under taking.

Numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 & 6, of " Feftive Har. mony," confifing of Madrigals, Motets, Elegies, Glees, &c. from the Works of the most eminent Compofers; felected by Messrs. Sale and Page, and dedicated to the Prefident and Members of the Glee Club.

This Work, the merits of which we have pledged ourselves to notice, is conducted in a style that reflects great credit on the ingenuity, taste and circumfpection of the felectors. The matter is chofen and arranged with judgment. The engraving is neat, and on the whole remarkable for its accuracy; while the paper is of excellent quality. The value and claffical ftyle of the compofition with which this publication is fupplied will be anticipated by every one who reads in the propofals, the names of C. Wefley, Giovan Ferretti, John Danby, Thomas Weelkes, Mr. Webbe, the Earl of Morn ington, Dr. Cooke, Dr. Cattcott, and the late Mr. Jonathan Batt fhill. Of the laft-mentioned gentleman, feveral compopolitions are introduced, to which the lovers of pure melody and rich feftive harmony will liften with great delight. They are selected from manufcrips in the hands of Mr. Page, and form fome of the fineft evidences of the original genius and profound fci-nce of th ir author. This Work, we understand, is to be comprized in fix Numbers; and, judging by the contents of those which have already appeared, we venture little in afferting, that, when completed, it will form as excellent a collection of this fpecies of vocal compofition as is to be found in our Englih cata ogues.

"The British Fleet," an Opera, as performed with unbounded applaufe at the Theatre Royal Covent Garden, Compofed by J. Braham.

The mufic of this Opera, though certainly very unequal, is, in the aggregate,

worthy the talents from which it emanates. The overture is not, perhaps, to be claffed with the better parts of the vocal portion of the work; but fome of the airs are conceived with great tafte, and poffefs the quality of expreflion in a high degree. Of thele the moft prominent are "Love and Glory," and “ Lovely Kitty," which,, whatever they may owe of their good effect on the boards to Mr. Braham's extemporaneous embellishments, are in themselves chafte, appropriate, and melodious. We cannot, however, diffemble, that the lack of acquaintance with fome of the first fecrets of fine compofition is too often ap. Parent; and that further study of the laws will be neceffary to render Mr. Braham's compofitions equal to his ftyle of vociferation. Yet, it is due to him to observe, that, confidering how much of his time must have neceffarily been devoted to the cultivation of his vocal powers, his prefent production poffeffes much to be admired, and ftrongly claims the fuffrages of the musical public.

of combination and harmonical evolution

A Collection of felected Meludies, barmonized for Voices, by Samuel Webbe, Ejq, part of which have an Accompaniment for the Pianoforte.

Numbers, at two Shillings each, has been This Collection, which is published in formed with that judgment for which the mufical world has to long given Mr. Webbe full credit. The harmonization is ingenious, and the effect, for the most part, frikingly pleafing. The melodies in which Mr. Webbe has been the most eminently fuccessful are thofe of "My mother bids me bind my hair," from Haydn. "The filver Moon's enamoured beams," from Battifhill, and "O Nanny, wilt thou gang with me," from Carter. The whole is arranged for three Voices (a bafs and two fopraros); and the Werk, able to thofe who are attached to focial we doubt not, will prove highly acceptharmony.

A Grand Sonata for the Piano forte, Composed and dedicated to Mifs Lætitia Williams, by F. H Bartheleman. 4s.

fpecies of compofition, as well by its general contrivance, as the happy caft of the accompanying parts. The rondo and the toccata finale are pleasantly conceived, and form to each other that agreeable relief neceffarily refulting from the combination of tajte and experience.

Pope's celebrated Ode of "The dying Chriftian to his Soul." Set to Mufic by George Guest, Or ganit, Wifbeach, and late of His Majesty's Chapel Royal. 25.

This fine, though fhort poem, has ex. ercifed the talents of various compofers, but without infpiring very extraordinary energies. However, among thofe who have attempted it with moft fuccefs, may be named the late Mr. Jackson of Exeter, and the author of the mufic now before us. If the melody fometimes wants force, it is yet smooth and pleasant; and the expreffion, though not always, perhaps, fufficiently animated, is never falfe. In the movement given to "The World recedes," we could have wished that Mr. Gueft had contrived to mark the break in the fenfe at the word eyes in the fecond line, and not to connect the first fix with the two laft fyllables of that line, which in meaning attach themfelves only to the third line. What we have to except to is, however, of a trivial nature: confiderable merit pervades the compofition, and will, we doubt not, produce credit and profit to the ingenious compofer.

Six Divertimentos for two Violins, compofed, and dedicated to E. Dickfon, Efq. by F.

In thefe divertimentos, which are familiar in their style, Mr. Yaniewicz has introduced the celebrated melodies of "Mamma mia," "Ame tute le belle," "Little Peggy's Love," "The Caledonian Beauty," and "The River Dee," The two parts are blended with fkill, and the paffages are greatly calculated to improve the bowing of young Practitioners, by whom they will be found pleafing and extensively useful.

"The Imperial Medley," a Characteristic Sonata for the Piano-forte, in which are interfperfed celebrated Airs of various Nations, by L. Janfen. 2s. 6d.

Though little more than the operation of arrangement was neceffary to the production of this fonata, yet we cannot

withhold from Mr. Janfen the just meed of our good opinion. The choice he has made, does credit to his tate; and the eafe with which the ear is led from one fubject to another, argues a facility in this fpecies of compilation not pollelled by every mufic-maker of the day.

Twelve Waltzes for the Piano-forte, or Harp.. with an Accompaniment for a Tambourine and Triangle. Compofed and dedicated to Mifs Hume, by I. Fifin. 75. 6d.

en'

This ingenious compofer has produced in the pretent work refpe&table fpecimens of that merit we have frequently acknowledged. The fubjects are gaging, and the paffages are free, eafy and connected. If we do not find in this collection all the variety we would have wished, it is, perhaps, fair to attribute our difappointment, in that particular, rather to the neceffary monotony of the tune, than to any lack of invention in the compofer.

Six Military Divertimentos, adapted for the Piano forte. Compofid and dedicated to the Duchejs of York, by I. C. Weyrauch. 35. Mr. Weyrauch has infufed into thefe fprightly divertimentos much of that / martial fpirit which ought to predomirate in componitions of this fpecies. They are adapted for the piano-forte with fkill, and by ftudents of that inftrument will he found as useful as they are pleaing. Twelve Favourite Aiks, adapted for two German Flutes, by L. C. Nieljon. 6s.

Mr. Nielfon has blended in the prefent work, twelve of the most popular ais of the country; and has added to them variations calculated both to please and improve flute-practitioners: we are advo cates for this kind of publications, because we confider them as didactic; and as winning the fancy and inducing the attention of the juvenile student.

"Willy of the Clyde," a favourite Song, written by J. Crofs. The Mufic compofed by J. Sander fon, and fung by Mifs Havell, in the Grand Burletta, called " John Bull and Bonaparte." Is.

"Willy of the Clyde" is a pleasant fuccefs, and the general effect is that of trifle. The Scotch ftyle is imitated with eafe and lightness.

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